对象中的 Python 多处理

Question

我正在编写一个程序，其中可变数量的 Agent 对象同时运行许多串行方法并将它们的返回值存储在队列属性中。每个 Agent 都有一个 Worker(Process 的子类)作为属性，并通过 cmd_queue 为其提供作业以串行运行。 Agent 从 res_queue 中的 Worker 获取结果。这些当前是 Manager().Queue() 实例并导致:TypeError:出于安全原因，不允许对 AuthenticationString 对象进行 Pickling 但是，如果我使用常规 Queue.Queue，Worker 将获得代理的 cmd_queue 的副本，并且看不到代理添加到其中的内容(它总是空)。

我可以使用这个问题中引用的解决方案来 pickle 实例方法:Can't pickle <type 'instancemethod'> when using python's multiprocessing Pool.map()

from multiprocessing import Manager, Process
from time import sleep
import copy_reg  

def _pickle_method(method):
    func_name = method.im_func.__name__
    obj = method.im_self
    cls = method.im_class
    return _unpickle_method, (func_name, obj, cls)

def _unpickle_method(func_name, obj, cls):
    for cls in cls.mro():
        try:
            func = cls.__dict__[func_name]
        except KeyError:
            pass
        else:
            break
    return func.__get__(obj, cls)

copy_reg.pickle(types.MethodType, _pickle_method, _unpickle_method  

class Worker(Process):
    def __init__(self, cmd_queue, res_queue):
        self.cmd_queue = cmd_queue
        self.res_queue = res_queue
        Process.__init__(self)

    def run(self):
        while True:
            f, args, kwargs = self.cmd_queue.get()
            self.res_queue.put( f(*args, **kwargs) )  

class Agent:
    def __init__(self):
        self.cmd_queue = Manager().Queue()
        self.res_queue = Manager().Queue()
        self.worker = Worker(self.cmd_queue, self.res_queue)
        self.worker.start()

    def produce(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
        self.cmd_queue.put((f, args, kwargs))

    def do_some_work(self):
        self.produce(self.foo, waka='waka')

    def do_some_other_work(self):
        self.produce(self.bar, humana='humana')

    def foo(self, **kwargs):
        sleep(5)
        return('this is a foo')

    def bar(self, **kwargs):
        sleep(10)
        return('this is a bar')

    def get_results(self):  #blocking call
        res = []
        while not self.cmd_queue.empty():#wait for Worker to finish
            sleep(.5)
        while not self.res_queue.empty():
            res.append(self.res_queue.get())
        return res  

#This is the interface I'm looking for.
if __name__=='__main__':
    agents = [Agent() for i in range(50)]
    #this should flow quickly as the calls are added to cmd_queues
    for agent in agents:        
        agent.do_some_work()
        agent.do_some_other_work()  
    for agent in agents:
        print(agent.get_results())

我的问题是，如何使用多处理让这段代码工作，或者是否有更好、更被接受的方法让这种模式工作？这是更大框架的一小部分，因此我希望它尽可能面向对象友好。

编辑:这是在 python 2.7 中。

Answer 1

您可以使用普通的multiprocessing.Queue 来做到这一点。您只需要调整 Agent 类，使其不会在 Agent 类本身被 pickle 时尝试 pickle Queue 实例。这是必需的，因为当您对要发送给 Worker 的实例方法进行 pickle 时，您必须对 Agent 实例本身进行 pickle。不过，这样做很容易:

class Agent(object): # Agent is now a new-style class
    def __init__(self):
        self.cmd_queue = Queue()
        self.res_queue = Queue()
        self.worker = Worker(self.cmd_queue, self.res_queue)
        self.worker.start()

    def __getstate__(self):
        """ This is called to pickle the instance """
        self_dict = self.__dict__.copy()
        del self_dict['cmd_queue']
        del self_dict['res_queue']
        del self_dict['worker']
        return self_dict

    def __setstate__(self, self_dict):
        """ This is called to unpickle the instance. """
        self.__dict__ = self_dict

    ... # The rest is the same.

请注意，此代码中还有其他一些逻辑问题导致其无法正常运行； get_results 并没有真正按照您的预期去做，因为这很容易受到竞争条件的影响:

    while not self.cmd_queue.empty():#wait for Worker to finish
        sleep(.5)
    while not self.res_queue.empty():
        res.append(self.res_queue.get())

cmd_queue 可能(并且确实如此，使用您的示例代码)在您实际传递给它的函数在 Worker 中运行完成之前最终为空，这将意味着当您从 res_queue 中提取所有内容时，您的某些结果将会丢失。您可以使用 JoinableQueue 修复该问题，这允许工作人员在完成时实际发出信号。

您还应该向工作进程发送一个哨兵，以便它们正确关闭，并且它们的所有结果都从 res_queue 中刷新并正确发送回父进程。我还发现我需要向 res_queue 添加一个哨兵，否则有时 res_queue 会在从 child 写入的最后一个结果实际被刷新之前在父级中显示为空穿过管道，这意味着最后的结果会丢失。

这是一个完整的工作示例:

from multiprocessing import Process, Queue, JoinableQueue
import types
from time import sleep
import copy_reg  

def _pickle_method(method):
    func_name = method.im_func.__name__
    obj = method.im_self
    cls = method.im_class
    return _unpickle_method, (func_name, obj, cls)

def _unpickle_method(func_name, obj, cls):
    for cls in cls.mro():
        try:
            func = cls.__dict__[func_name]
        except KeyError:
            pass
        else:
            break
    return func.__get__(obj, cls)

copy_reg.pickle(types.MethodType, _pickle_method, _unpickle_method)

class Worker(Process):
    def __init__(self, cmd_queue, res_queue):
        self.cmd_queue = cmd_queue
        self.res_queue = res_queue
        Process.__init__(self)

    def run(self):
        for f, args, kwargs in iter(self.cmd_queue.get, 
                                    (None, (), {})): # None is our sentinel
            self.res_queue.put( f(*args, **kwargs) )  
            self.cmd_queue.task_done() # Mark the task as done.
        self.res_queue.put(None) # Send this to indicate no more results are coming
        self.cmd_queue.task_done() # Mark the task as done

class Agent(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.cmd_queue = JoinableQueue()
        self.res_queue = Queue()
        self.worker = Worker(self.cmd_queue, self.res_queue)
        self.worker.start()

    def __getstate__(self):
        self_dict = self.__dict__.copy()
        del self_dict['cmd_queue']
        del self_dict['res_queue']
        del self_dict['worker']
        return self_dict

    def __setstate__(self, self_dict):
        self.__dict__ = self_dict

    def produce(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
        self.cmd_queue.put((f, args, kwargs))

    def do_some_work(self):
        self.produce(self.foo, waka='waka')

    def do_some_other_work(self):
        self.produce(self.bar, humana='humana')

    def send_sentinel(self):
        self.produce(None)

    def foo(self, **kwargs):
        sleep(2)
        return('this is a foo')

    def bar(self, **kwargs):
        sleep(4)
        return('this is a bar')

    def get_results(self):  #blocking call
        res = []
        self.cmd_queue.join() # This will block until task_done has been called for every put pushed into the queue.
        for out in iter(self.res_queue.get, None):  # None is our sentinel
            res.append(out)
        return res  

#This is the interface I'm looking for.
if __name__=='__main__':
    agents = [Agent() for i in range(50)]
    #this should flow quickly as the calls are added to cmd_queues
    for agent in agents:        
        agent.do_some_work()
        agent.do_some_other_work()  
        agent.send_sentinel()
    for agent in agents:
        print(agent.get_results())

输出:

['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']
['this is a foo', 'this is a bar']