python - 了解 Python 3.7 中类、namedtuple 和 __slots__ 的大小

Question

在观看了 Nina Zahkarenko 在 Pycon2016 ( link ) 上的 Python 内存管理演讲后，dunder 方法 __slots__ 似乎是一种减少对象大小和加速属性查找的工具。

我的期望是普通类是最大的，而 __slots__/namedtuple 方法会节省空间。但是，使用 sys.getsizeof() 进行的快速实验似乎表明情况并非如此:

from collections import namedtuple
from sys import getsizeof

class Rectangle:
   '''A class based Rectangle, with a full __dict__'''
   def __init__(self, x, y, width, height):
      self.x = x
      self.y = y
      self.width = width
      self.height = height

class SlotsRectangle:
   '''A class based Rectangle with __slots__ defined for attributes'''
   __slots__ = ('x', 'y', 'width', 'height')

   def __init__(self, x, y, width, height):
      self.x = x
      self.y = y
      self.width = width
      self.height = height

NamedTupleRectangle = namedtuple('Rectangle', ('x', 'y', 'width', 'height'))
NamedTupleRectangle.__doc__ = 'A rectangle as an immutable namedtuple'

print(f'Class: {getsizeof(Rectangle(1,2,3,4))}')
print(f'Slots: {getsizeof(SlotsRectangle(1,2,3,4))}')
print(f'Named Tuple: {getsizeof(NamedTupleRectangle(1,2,3,4))}')

终端输出:

$ python3.7 example.py
Class: 56
Slots: 72
Named Tuple: 80

这是怎么回事？来自 Python 的文档 Data Model似乎描述符用于 __slots__ 这会增加实现它的类的函数开销。然而，为什么结果如此严重地偏向于普通类(class)？

引导我内心的 Raymond H.:必须有更难的方法!

Answer 1

sys.getsizeof() 函数可能没有按照您的预期进行；它不适用于复杂对象，例如自定义类。

看this answer用于计算对象内存大小的方法；也许它可以帮助你。我从此处复制了该答案的代码，但完整的解释在我链接的答案中。

import sys
from numbers import Number
from collections import Set, Mapping, deque

try: # Python 2
    zero_depth_bases = (basestring, Number, xrange, bytearray)
    iteritems = 'iteritems'
except NameError: # Python 3
    zero_depth_bases = (str, bytes, Number, range, bytearray)
    iteritems = 'items'

def getsize(obj_0):
    """Recursively iterate to sum size of object & members."""
    _seen_ids = set()
    def inner(obj):
        obj_id = id(obj)
        if obj_id in _seen_ids:
            return 0
        _seen_ids.add(obj_id)
        size = sys.getsizeof(obj)
        if isinstance(obj, zero_depth_bases):
            pass # bypass remaining control flow and return
        elif isinstance(obj, (tuple, list, Set, deque)):
            size += sum(inner(i) for i in obj)
        elif isinstance(obj, Mapping) or hasattr(obj, iteritems):
            size += sum(inner(k) + inner(v) for k, v in getattr(obj, iteritems)())
        # Check for custom object instances - may subclass above too
        if hasattr(obj, '__dict__'):
            size += inner(vars(obj))
        if hasattr(obj, '__slots__'): # can have __slots__ with __dict__
            size += sum(inner(getattr(obj, s)) for s in obj.__slots__ if hasattr(obj, s))
        return size
    return inner(obj_0)