python - 计算字符串中的数学表达式

Question

stringExp = "2^4"
intVal = int(stringExp)      # Expected value: 16

这将返回以下错误:

Traceback (most recent call last):  
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int()
with base 10: '2^4'

我知道 eval 可以解决这个问题，但是是否有更好且更重要的是更安全的方法来计算存储在字符串中的数学表达式？

Answer 1

eval 是邪恶的

eval("__import__('os').remove('important file')") # arbitrary commands
eval("9**9**9**9**9**9**9**9", {'__builtins__': None}) # CPU, memory

注意:即使您将 __builtins__ 设置为 None，仍然有可能使用内省(introspection)来突破:

eval('(1).__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()', {'__builtins__': None})

使用 ast 计算算术表达式

import ast
import operator as op

# supported operators
operators = {ast.Add: op.add, ast.Sub: op.sub, ast.Mult: op.mul,
             ast.Div: op.truediv, ast.Pow: op.pow, ast.BitXor: op.xor,
             ast.USub: op.neg}

def eval_expr(expr):
    """
    >>> eval_expr('2^6')
    4
    >>> eval_expr('2**6')
    64
    >>> eval_expr('1 + 2*3**(4^5) / (6 + -7)')
    -5.0
    """
    return eval_(ast.parse(expr, mode='eval').body)

def eval_(node):
    if isinstance(node, ast.Num): # <number>
        return node.n
    elif isinstance(node, ast.BinOp): # <left> <operator> <right>
        return operators[type(node.op)](eval_(node.left), eval_(node.right))
    elif isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp): # <operator> <operand> e.g., -1
        return operators[type(node.op)](eval_(node.operand))
    else:
        raise TypeError(node)

您可以轻松限制每个操作或任何中间结果的允许范围，例如限制 a**b 的输入参数:

def power(a, b):
    if any(abs(n) > 100 for n in [a, b]):
        raise ValueError((a,b))
    return op.pow(a, b)
operators[ast.Pow] = power

或者限制中间结果的大小:

import functools

def limit(max_=None):
    """Return decorator that limits allowed returned values."""
    def decorator(func):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
            try:
                mag = abs(ret)
            except TypeError:
                pass # not applicable
            else:
                if mag > max_:
                    raise ValueError(ret)
            return ret
        return wrapper
    return decorator

eval_ = limit(max_=10**100)(eval_)

示例

>>> evil = "__import__('os').remove('important file')"
>>> eval_expr(evil) #doctest:+IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError:
>>> eval_expr("9**9")
387420489
>>> eval_expr("9**9**9**9**9**9**9**9") #doctest:+IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: