python - 无法发送请求 : Only unicode objects are escapable. 没有任何类型

Question

我按照本教程将 django 应用程序部署到 RHEL 8 服务器: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-django-with-postgres-nginx-and-gunicorn-on-centos-7

内部 django 网络服务器与

配合得很好

python manage.py runserver 0:8000

无论如何，guniserver 不会。调试错误时出现 500 内部服务器错误，否则出现以下问题:

TweepError at /

Failed to send request: Only unicode objects are escapable. Got None of type <class 'NoneType'>.

Request Method:     GET
Request URL:    http://ip/
Django Version:     2.2.5
Exception Type:     TweepError
Exception Value:    

Failed to send request: Only unicode objects are escapable. Got None of type <class 'NoneType'>.

Exception Location:     /home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/utils.py in escape, line 57
Python Executable:  /home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/bin/python
Python Version:     3.7.4
Python Path:    

['/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment',
 '/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/bin',
 '/home/ec2-user/.pyenv/versions/3.7.4/lib/python37.zip',
 '/home/ec2-user/.pyenv/versions/3.7.4/lib/python3.7',
 '/home/ec2-user/.pyenv/versions/3.7.4/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload',
 '/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages']

Server time:    Thu, 19 Sep 2019 23:30:33 +0000</i>

TRACEBACK

Environment:


Request Method: GET
Request URL: http://ip/

Django Version: 2.2.5
Python Version: 3.7.4
Installed Applications:
['twitter.apps.TwitterConfig',
 'django.contrib.admin',
 'django.contrib.auth',
 'django.contrib.contenttypes',
 'django.contrib.sessions',
 'django.contrib.messages',
 'django.contrib.staticfiles']
Installed Middleware:
['django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware']

回溯:

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tweepy/binder.py" in execute
  189.                                                 proxies=self.api.proxy)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/sessions.py" in request
  519.         prep = self.prepare_request(req)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/sessions.py" in prepare_request
  462.             hooks=merge_hooks(request.hooks, self.hooks),

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/models.py" in prepare
  317.         self.prepare_auth(auth, url)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/models.py" in prepare_auth
  548.             r = auth(self)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/oauth1_auth.py" in __call__
  88.                 unicode(r.url), unicode(r.method), None, r.headers)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/__init__.py" in sign
  313.             ('oauth_signature', self.get_oauth_signature(request)))

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/__init__.py" in get_oauth_signature
  127.         uri, headers, body = self._render(request)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/__init__.py" in _render
  210.                 request.oauth_params, request.headers, realm=realm)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/utils.py" in wrapper
  32.         return target(params, *args, **kwargs)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/parameters.py" in prepare_headers
  59.         escaped_value = utils.escape(value)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/utils.py" in escape
  57.                          'Got %r of type %s.' % (u, type(u)))

During handling of the above exception (Only unicode objects are escapable. Got None of type <class 'NoneType'>.), another exception occurred:

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/handlers/exception.py" in inner
  34.             response = get_response(request)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in _get_response
  115.                 response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in _get_response
  113.                 response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/twitter/views.py" in index
  55.     public_tweets = getTweets(hashtag)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/twitter/views.py" in getTweets
  21.     return api.search(hashtag, tweet_mode='extended', count=100)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tweepy/binder.py" in _call
  250.                 return method.execute()

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tweepy/binder.py" in execute
  191.                     six.reraise(TweepError, TweepError('Failed to send request: %s' % e), sys.exc_info()[2])

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/six.py" in reraise
  692.                 raise value.with_traceback(tb)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/tweepy/binder.py" in execute
  189.                                                 proxies=self.api.proxy)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/sessions.py" in request
  519.         prep = self.prepare_request(req)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/sessions.py" in prepare_request
  462.             hooks=merge_hooks(request.hooks, self.hooks),

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/models.py" in prepare
  317.         self.prepare_auth(auth, url)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/models.py" in prepare_auth
  548.             r = auth(self)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests_oauthlib/oauth1_auth.py" in __call__
  88.                 unicode(r.url), unicode(r.method), None, r.headers)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/__init__.py" in sign
  313.             ('oauth_signature', self.get_oauth_signature(request)))

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/__init__.py" in get_oauth_signature
  127.         uri, headers, body = self._render(request)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/__init__.py" in _render
  210.                 request.oauth_params, request.headers, realm=realm)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/utils.py" in wrapper
  32.         return target(params, *args, **kwargs)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/parameters.py" in prepare_headers
  59.         escaped_value = utils.escape(value)

File "/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/lib/python3.7/site-packages/oauthlib/oauth1/rfc5849/utils.py" in escape
  57.                          'Got %r of type %s.' % (u, type(u)))

Exception Type: TweepError at /
Exception Value: Failed to send request: Only unicode objects are escapable. Got None of type <class 'NoneType'>.

requirement.txt 文件:

astroid==2.2.5
autopep8==1.4.4
certifi==2019.6.16
chardet==3.0.4
Django==2.2.5
gunicorn==19.9.0
idna==2.8
isort==4.3.21
lazy-object-proxy==1.4.2
MarkupSafe==1.1.1
mccabe==0.6.1
oauthlib==3.1.0
pycodestyle==2.5.0
pylint==2.3.1
PySocks==1.7.0
pytz==2019.2
requests==2.22.0
requests-oauthlib==1.2.0
selenium==3.141.0
six==1.12.0
sqlparse==0.3.0
style==1.1.0
tweepy==3.8.0
typed-ast==1.4.0
update==0.0.1
urllib3==1.25.3
vaderSentiment==3.2.1
wrapt==1.11.2

我已经仔细检查了我的环境变量和我的settings.py。一切看起来都很好。

    Description=gunicorn daemon
    After=network.target

    [Service]
    User=ec2-user
    Group=nginx
    WorkingDirectory=/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment
    ExecStart=/home/ec2-user/django_sentiment/env/bin/gunicorn \
              --access-logfile - \
              --workers 3 \
              --bind unix:/home/ec2-user/run/django_sentiment.sock \
              sentiment.wsgi:application \

    [Install]
    WantedBy=multi-user.target

Description=gunicorn daemon
After=network.target

它正确地创建了套接字文件，并且 nginx 可以很好地读取该文件。

Answer 1

您似乎正在使用 tweepy 从推文中获取情绪。您需要 Twitter API 凭据才能执行此操作。此错误表明您的某些 API 凭据是None。您应该确保存储 API 凭据的任何环境变量均已正确设置。应该有4个:

• 消费者 API key
• 消费者 API secret
• 访问 token
• 访问 token secret

您可以使用一个小的 python 脚本来测试 tweepy API 是否正常工作:

import os

import tweepy

c_key = os.environ.get('tw_c_key')
c_sec = os.environ.get('tw_c_sec')
atk = os.environ.get('tw_ac_tok')
ats = os.environ.get('tw_ac_sec')

auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(c_key, c_sec)
auth.set_access_token(atk, ats)

api = tweepy.API(auth)

results = api.search(q='cheese', count=100)

print(results[1].text)

您可能需要更改环境变量名称以匹配您所拥有的名称。