python - 类型错误 : unhashable type: 'list' (a few frames into program)

Question

因此，作为我在 Code Academy 之外使用 Python 进行的第一个项目，我决定在 pygame 上制作一个基本的分子动力学模拟器。它在一段时间内工作得很好，但一旦电子开始移动太快，并将所有其他电子从原子上剥离，我就会在标题中得到 TypeError 。我不知道这是从哪里来的，只有在程序运行了足够长的时间让我搞乱了所有的物理原理之后才会出现。

现在我知道错误告诉我我正在尝试将列表传递到不应该传递的地方，但我查看了程序但无法弄清楚在哪里。错误出现在告诉电子如何绕原子运行的位中 angle = findA(articles[el], keywords[nuc]) + 0.001，这是由靠近末尾的代码块控制的它告诉程序按什么顺序进行物理计算，以及每个电子的轨道列表由另一个点控制，等等。

所以我决定只给你所有的代码。

import sys, pygame, math
from pygame.locals import *

pygame.init()
sizeScreen = width, height = 1000, 700
sizeMenu = width, height = 652, 700


e = 1.6 * 10 ** -19
particles = {}
mx, my = 0, 0
selected = []

def findOrbital(el):
    for a in particles:
        if a != el and particles[a][4] != 'el':
            if findD(particles[el], particles[a]) < 5 * 10 ** -11 and PTI[particles[a][4]][7] > len(particles[a][5]):
                particles[a][5].append(el)
                particles[el][5].append(a)



def searcher(List, item):
    for a in List:
        if a == item:
            return True
    return False

def moveAtEls(el, nuc):
    angle = findA(particles[el], particles[nuc]) + 0.001
    particles[el][0] = particles[nuc][0] + 50 * math.cos(angle)
    particles[el][1] = particles[nuc][1] + 50 * math.sin(angle)


def check(each):
    if particles[each][0] < 175:
        particles[each][2] = -particles[each][2]
        particles[each][0] = 175
    elif particles[each][0] > 1000:
        particles[each][2] = -particles[each][2]
        particles[each][0] = 1000
    if particles[each][1] < 0:
        particles[each][3] = -particles[each][3]
        particles[each][1] = 0
    elif particles[each][1] > 700:
        particles[each][3] = -particles[each][3]
        particles[each][1] = 700
    if particles[each][4] == 'el':
        a = 'n'
        findOrbital(each)
        if a != 'n':
            particles[each][5].append(a)
            particles[a][5].append(each)


def findD(self, other):
    return math.hypot((self[0] - other[0]), (self[1] - other[1])) * 0.62 * 10 ** -12
def findA(self, other):
    return math.atan2((self[1] - other[1]), (self[0] - other[0]))


def move(self):
    for other in particles:
        if particles[other] != self and self[5] != particles[other] [5] and not searcher(self[5], other):
            D = findD(self, particles[other])
            if D == 0:
                self[5].append(other)
                particles[other][5].append(self)
                break
            angle = findA(self, particles[other])
            F = 8987550000 * (PTI[self[4]][4] * PTI[particles[other][4]][4] * e ** 2)/D ** 2
            a = int(F/PTI[self[4]][5])
            ax = a * math.cos(angle)
            ay = a * math.sin(angle)
            self[2] += ax/(10 ** 16)
            self[3] += ay/(10 ** 16)
    self[0] += self[2]/(10 ** 8)
    self[1] += self[3]/(10 ** 8)


pressed = ''
press = {'Katom':[2,148,2,32,0],'Knuc':[2,148,36,66,0],'Kel':[2,148,70,100,0]}

PTI = {'el':[0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 9.11 * 10 ** -31, pygame.image.load("electron.png"), 2],
'HNuc' : [185, 214, 8, 37, 1, 1.7 * 10 ** -27, pygame.image.load("nuc/HNuc.png"), 2, 1],
'HeNuc': [586, 613, 8, 37, 2, 6.6 * 10 ** -27, pygame.image.load("nuc/HeNuc.png"), 2, 2],
'LiNuc': [185, 214, 40, 69, 1, 1.16 * 10 ** -26, pygame.image.load("nuc/LiNuc.png"), 8, 1],
'BeNuc': [216, 246, 40, 69, 2, 1.53 * 10 ** -26, pygame.image.load("nuc/BeNuc.png"), 8, 2],
'BNuc' : [428, 457, 40, 69, 3, 1.84 * 10 ** -26, pygame.image.load("nuc/BNuc.png"), 8, 3],
'CNuc' : [460, 489, 40, 69, 4, 2.04 * 10 ** -26, pygame.image.load("nuc/CNuc.png"), 8, 4],
'NNuc' : [492, 520, 40, 69, 5, 2.38 * 10 ** -26, pygame.image.load("nuc/NNuc.png"), 8, 5],
'ONuc' : [523, 551, 40, 69, 6, 2.72 * 10 ** -26, pygame.image.load("nuc/ONuc.png"), 8, 6],
'FNuc' : [554, 583, 40, 69, 7, 3.23 * 10 ** -26, pygame.image.load("nuc/FNuc.png"), 8, 7],
'NeNuc': [586, 613, 40, 69, 8, 3.43 * 10 ** -26, pygame.image.load("nuc/NeNuc.png"), 8, 8]}

menu = pygame.display.set_mode(sizeMenu)
screenColor = pygame.Color(255, 255, 220)
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(sizeScreen)
edgeObj = pygame.image.load("edge.png")
addEl = [pygame.image.load('addElectron1.png'), pygame.image.load('addElectron2.png')]
addAtom = [pygame.image.load("addAtom1.png"), pygame.image.load("addAtom2.png"), pygame.image.load("atomTable.png")]
addNucleus = [pygame.image.load("addNuc1.png"), pygame.image.load("addNuc2.png"), pygame.image.load("NucTable.png")]

while True:
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            pygame.quit()
            sys.exit(0)

        elif event.type == MOUSEMOTION:
            mx, my = event.pos

        mouseState = pygame.mouse.get_pressed()
        if mouseState[0]:
            for key in press:
                if press[key][0] < mx <press[key][1] and press[key][2] < my < press[key][3]:
                    pressed = key
                    press[key][4] = 1

        if not mouseState[0] and pressed == 'Kel':
            particles[len(particles)] = [mx, my, 0, 0, 'el', []]
            pressed = ''
            press['Kel'][4] = 0

        if pressed != '':
            if not mouseState[0]:
                if press[pressed][0] < mx <press[pressed][1] and press[pressed][2] < my < press[pressed][3]:
                    press[pressed][4] = 2
                    pressed = ''

        if press['Knuc'][4] == 2 or press['Katom'][4] == 2:
            if  mouseState[0]:
                if 621 < mx < 651 and 2 < my < 14:
                    press['Knuc'][4] = 0
                    press['Katom'][4] = 0
                if press['Knuc'][4] == 2:
                    for nuc in PTI:
                        if PTI[nuc][0] < mx < PTI[nuc][1] and PTI[nuc][2] < my < PTI[nuc][3]:
                            press['Knuc'][4] = 0
                            selected.append(nuc)
                if press['Katom'][4] == 2:
                    for nuc in PTI:
                        if PTI[nuc][0] < mx < PTI[nuc][1] and PTI[nuc][2] < my < PTI[nuc][3]:
                            a = 0
                            selected.append(nuc)
                            while a < PTI[nuc][8]:
                                selected.append('el')
                                a += 1
                            press['Katom'][4] = 0
        if selected != []:
            if not mouseState[0]:
                a = len(particles)
                particles[a] = [mx, my, 0, 0, selected[0], [b for b in range(a+1, len(selected)-1)]]
                for item in selected:
                    if item != selected[0]:
                        particles[len(particles)] = [mx, my, 0, 0, item, [a]]
                selected = []


    for each in particles:
        check(each)
        move(particles[each])
        check(each)
        if len(particles[each][5]) > 0 and particles[each][4] == 'el':
            moveAtEls(each, particles[each][5][0])
        particles[each][5] = []

    screen.fill(screenColor)
    for a in particles:
        screen.blit(PTI[particles[a][4]][6], (particles[a][0] - 29, particles[a][1] - 31))
    menu.blit(edgeObj, (0, 0))
    menu.blit(addNucleus[press['Knuc'][4]], (2, 2))
    menu.blit(addAtom[press['Katom'][4]], (2, 2))
    menu.blit(addEl[press['Kel'][4]], (2, 2))

    pygame.display.flip()

很抱歉，如果我发布所有代码会造成麻烦，但我是一个十足的菜鸟，我很惊讶我在没有帮助的情况下能走到这一步。我知道整个事情很困惑，但如果您能帮助解决错误，我将不胜感激。

下次我会坚持使用 print("Hello, World!")

Answer 1

所以，我相信正在发生的是，当执行行 angle = findA(articles[el], keywords[nuc]) + 0.001 时，要么 el变量或 nuc 变量是某种列表，而不是单个对象。

这会引发错误，因为 articles 是一个字典，并且您不能将列表或任何可变类型作为字典中的键。

因此，鉴于此错误不会立即执行，我怀疑在某处，在一段未立即执行的代码中，您意外地传入了某种list 。

<小时/>

如果您确实打算使用列表作为键在 articles 字典中查找内容，那么您应该首先将列表转换为 tuple:元组是与列表类似，但不可变，因此可以进行散列并用作字典的键。