ssl - 当我在 apache2 ubuntu 服务器上启用 SSL 时，http 和 https 都不起作用

Question

我正在尝试为我的网络服务器启用 SSL。但是，当我启用 ssl 时，http 停止工作并且 https 不开始工作。我遵循了以下指南:

https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-create-a-ssl-certificate-on-apache-for-ubuntu-14-04

服务器上没有激活防火墙。这是默认的 ssl.conf 文件:

<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
        <VirtualHost _default_:443>
                ServerAdmin admin@MyWebSit.com
                ServerName MyWebSite.com
                ServerAlias www.MyWebSite.com

                DocumentRoot /var/www/html

                # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,
                # error, crit, alert, emerg.
                # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular
                # modules, e.g.
                #LogLevel info ssl:warn

                ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
                CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

                # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are
                # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to
                # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the
                # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only
                # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf".
                #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf

                #   SSL Engine Switch:
                #   Enable/Disable SSL for this virtual host.
                SSLEngine on

                #   A self-signed (snakeoil) certificate can be created by installing
                #   the ssl-cert package. See
                #   /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz for more info.
                #   If both key and certificate are stored in the same file, only the
                #   SSLCertificateFile directive is needed.
                SSLCertificateFile      /etc/apache2/ssl/MyWebSite_com.crt
                SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/ssl/MyWebSite_com.key

                #   Server Certificate Chain:
                #   Point SSLCertificateChainFile at a file containing the
                #   concatenation of PEM encoded CA certificates which form the
                #   certificate chain for the server certificate. Alternatively
                #   the referenced file can be the same as SSLCertificateFile
                #   when the CA certificates are directly appended to the server
                #   certificate for convinience.
                #SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crt/server-ca.crt

                #   Certificate Authority (CA):
                #   Set the CA certificate verification path where to find CA
                #   certificates for client authentication or alternatively one
                #   huge file containing all of them (file must be PEM encoded)
                #   Note: Inside SSLCACertificatePath you need hash symlinks
                #                to point to the certificate files. Use the provided
                #                Makefile to update the hash symlinks after changes.
                #SSLCACertificatePath /etc/ssl/certs/
                #SSLCACertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crt/ca-bundle.crt

                #   Certificate Revocation Lists (CRL):
                #   Set the CA revocation path where to find CA CRLs for client
                #   authentication or alternatively one huge file containing all
                #   of them (file must be PEM encoded)
                #   Note: Inside SSLCARevocationPath you need hash symlinks
                #                to point to the certificate files. Use the provided
                #                Makefile to update the hash symlinks after changes.
                #SSLCARevocationPath /etc/apache2/ssl.crl/
                #SSLCARevocationFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crl/ca-bundle.crl

                #   Client Authentication (Type):
                #   Client certificate verification type and depth.  Types are
                #   none, optional, require and optional_no_ca.  Depth is a
                #   number which specifies how deeply to verify the certificate
                #   issuer chain before deciding the certificate is not valid.
                #SSLVerifyClient require
                #SSLVerifyDepth  10

                #   SSL Engine Options:
                #   Set various options for the SSL engine.
                #   o FakeBasicAuth:
                #        Translate the client X.509 into a Basic Authorisation.  This means that
                #        the standard Auth/DBMAuth methods can be used for access control.  The
                #        user name is the `one line' version of the client's X.509 certificate.
                #        Note that no password is obtained from the user. Every entry in the user
                #        file needs this password: `xxj31ZMTZzkVA'.
                #   o ExportCertData:
                #        This exports two additional environment variables: SSL_CLIENT_CERT and
                #        SSL_SERVER_CERT. These contain the PEM-encoded certificates of the
                #        server (always existing) and the client (only existing when client
                #        authentication is used). This can be used to import the certificates
                #        into CGI scripts.
                #   o StdEnvVars:
                #        This exports the standard SSL/TLS related `SSL_*' environment variables.
                #        Per default this exportation is switched off for performance reasons,
                #        because the extraction step is an expensive operation and is usually
                #        useless for serving static content. So one usually enables the
                #        exportation for CGI and SSI requests only.
                #   o OptRenegotiate:
                #        This enables optimized SSL connection renegotiation handling when SSL
                #        directives are used in per-directory context.
                #SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire
                <FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">
                                SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
                </FilesMatch>
                <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>
                                SSLOptions +StdEnvVars
                </Directory>

                #   SSL Protocol Adjustments:
                #   The safe and default but still SSL/TLS standard compliant shutdown
                #   approach is that mod_ssl sends the close notify alert but doesn't wait for
                #   the close notify alert from client. When you need a different shutdown
                #   approach you can use one of the following variables:
                #   o ssl-unclean-shutdown:
                #        This forces an unclean shutdown when the connection is closed, i.e. no
                #        SSL close notify alert is send or allowed to received.  This violates
                #        the SSL/TLS standard but is needed for some brain-dead browsers. Use
                #        this when you receive I/O errors because of the standard approach where
                #        mod_ssl sends the close notify alert.
                #   o ssl-accurate-shutdown:
                #        This forces an accurate shutdown when the connection is closed, i.e. a
                #        SSL close notify alert is send and mod_ssl waits for the close notify
                #        alert of the client. This is 100% SSL/TLS standard compliant, but in
                #        practice often causes hanging connections with brain-dead browsers. Use
                #        this only for browsers where you know that their SSL implementation
                #        works correctly.
                #   Notice: Most problems of broken clients are also related to the HTTP
                #   keep-alive facility, so you usually additionally want to disable
                #   keep-alive for those clients, too. Use variable "nokeepalive" for this.
                #   Similarly, one has to force some clients to use HTTP/1.0 to workaround
                #   their broken HTTP/1.1 implementation. Use variables "downgrade-1.0" and
                #   "force-response-1.0" for this.
                # BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \
                #               nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \
                #               downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0

        </VirtualHost>
</IfModule>

# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet

apache -S 给我:

AH00111: Config variable ${APACHE_RUN_DIR} is not defined apache2: Syntax error on line 80 of /etc/apache2/apache2.conf: DefaultRuntimeDir must be a valid directory, absolute or relative to ServerRoot

apachectl -S 给我:

AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 192.168.178.24. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message VirtualHost configuration: *:80 192.168.178.24 (/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf:1) *:443 MyWebSite.com (/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/default-ssl.conf:2) ServerRoot: "/etc/apache2" Main DocumentRoot: "/var/www/html" Main ErrorLog: "/var/log/apache2/error.log" Mutex watchdog-callback: using_defaults Mutex ssl-stapling-refresh: using_defaults Mutex ssl-stapling: using_defaults Mutex ssl-cache: using_defaults Mutex default: dir="/var/run/apache2/" mechanism=default Mutex mpm-accept: using_defaults PidFile: "/var/run/apache2/apache2.pid" Define: DUMP_VHOSTS Define: DUMP_RUN_CFG User: name="www-data" id=33 Group: name="www-data" id=33

禁用 ssl 会立即恢复 http。 (Apache 重启后)

不幸的是，我不再知道我可以尝试做什么。如有任何帮助，我们将不胜感激!

提前致谢!

编辑:很明显，我提供的信息并未完全解释我的问题，因此我将在此处添加更多详细信息:

sudo service apache2 restart

给出以下结果:

Warning: The unit file, source configuration file or drop-ins of apache2.service changed on disk. Run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to reload units. Job for apache2.service failed because the control process exited with error code. See "systemctl status apache2.service" and "journalctl -xe" for details

systemctl daemon-reload

运行成功，但再次运行重启命令时，我仍然收到作业失败的响应。以下是“systemctl status apache2.service”的响应

● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
  Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d
           └─apache2-systemd.conf
   Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Mon 2019-12-02 11:08:57 CET; 3h 28min ago
  Process: 4557 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/apachectl start (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
 Main PID: 1413 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

Dec 02 11:08:57 ubuntu systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Dec 02 11:08:57 ubuntu apachectl[4557]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 192.168.178.24. Set the 'ServerNa
Dec 02 11:08:57 ubuntu apachectl[4557]: Action 'start' failed.
Dec 02 11:08:57 ubuntu apachectl[4557]: The Apache error log may have more information.
Dec 02 11:08:57 ubuntu systemd[1]: apache2.service: Control process exited, code=exited status=1
Dec 02 11:08:57 ubuntu systemd[1]: apache2.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Dec 02 11:08:57 ubuntu systemd[1]: Failed to start The Apache HTTP Server.

下面是 journalctl -xe 的结果

--
-- Unit motd-news.service has begun starting up.
Dec 02 13:56:00 ubuntu 50-motd-news[5122]:  * Overheard at KubeCon: "microk8s.status just blew my mind".
Dec 02 13:56:00 ubuntu 50-motd-news[5122]:      https://microk8s.io/docs/commands#microk8s.status
Dec 02 13:56:00 ubuntu systemd[1]: Started Message of the Day.
-- Subject: Unit motd-news.service has finished start-up
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: http://www.ubuntu.com/support
--
-- Unit motd-news.service has finished starting up.
--
-- The start-up result is RESULT.
Dec 02 14:09:02 ubuntu CRON[5169]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Dec 02 14:09:02 ubuntu CRON[5170]: (root) CMD (  [ -x /usr/lib/php/sessionclean ] && if [ ! -d /run/systemd/system ]; then /usr/lib/php/sessionclean; fi)
Dec 02 14:09:02 ubuntu CRON[5169]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Dec 02 14:09:44 ubuntu systemd[1]: Starting Clean php session files...
-- Subject: Unit phpsessionclean.service has begun start-up
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: http://www.ubuntu.com/support
--
-- Unit phpsessionclean.service has begun starting up.
Dec 02 14:09:44 ubuntu sessionclean[5171]: PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'mysqli' (tried: /usr/lib/php/20170718/mysqli (/usr/lib/php/2017071
Dec 02 14:09:44 ubuntu systemd[1]: Started Clean php session files.
-- Subject: Unit phpsessionclean.service has finished start-up
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: http://www.ubuntu.com/support
--
-- Unit phpsessionclean.service has finished starting up.
--
-- The start-up result is RESULT.
Dec 02 14:17:01 ubuntu CRON[5220]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Dec 02 14:17:01 ubuntu CRON[5221]: (root) CMD (   cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly)
Dec 02 14:17:01 ubuntu CRON[5220]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Dec 02 14:18:00 ubuntu systemd-timesyncd[1097]: Network configuration changed, trying to establish connection.
Dec 02 14:18:00 ubuntu systemd-timesyncd[1097]: Synchronized to time server 91.189.89.198:123 (ntp.ubuntu.com).
Dec 02 14:39:01 ubuntu CRON[5241]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Dec 02 14:39:01 ubuntu CRON[5242]: (root) CMD (  [ -x /usr/lib/php/sessionclean ] && if [ ! -d /run/systemd/system ]; then /usr/lib/php/sessionclean; fi)
Dec 02 14:39:01 ubuntu CRON[5241]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Dec 02 14:39:44 ubuntu systemd[1]: Starting Clean php session files...
-- Subject: Unit phpsessionclean.service has begun start-up
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: http://www.ubuntu.com/support
--
-- Unit phpsessionclean.service has begun starting up.
Dec 02 14:39:44 ubuntu sessionclean[5244]: PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'mysqli' (tried: /usr/lib/php/20170718/mysqli (/usr/lib/php/2017071
Dec 02 14:39:44 ubuntu systemd[1]: Started Clean php session files.
-- Subject: Unit phpsessionclean.service has finished start-up
-- Defined-By: systemd
-- Support: http://www.ubuntu.com/support
--
-- Unit phpsessionclean.service has finished starting up.
--
-- The start-up result is RESULT.
Dec 02 14:47:59 ubuntu systemd-timesyncd[1097]: Network configuration changed, trying to establish connection.
Dec 02 14:47:59 ubuntu systemd-timesyncd[1097]: Synchronized to time server 91.189.89.198:123 (ntp.ubuntu.com).

Answer 1

经过大量搜索后，我发现这是由于我的 key 已损坏。

我能够通过检查 apache 错误日志来确定这一点:

sudo nano /var/log/apache2/error.log

[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.784521 2019] [ssl:error] [pid 4560] AH02579: Init: Private key not found
[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.784840 2019] [ssl:error] [pid 4560] SSL Library Error: error:0D0680A8:asn1 encoding routines:asn1_check_tlen:wrong tag
[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.784922 2019] [ssl:error] [pid 4560] SSL Library Error: error:0D08303A:asn1 encoding routines:asn1_template_noexp_d2i:nested asn1 error
[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.784990 2019] [ssl:error] [pid 4560] SSL Library Error: error:0D0680A8:asn1 encoding routines:asn1_check_tlen:wrong tag
[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.785061 2019] [ssl:error] [pid 4560] SSL Library Error: error:0D07803A:asn1 encoding routines:asn1_item_embed_d2i:nested asn1 error (Type=RSAPrivat$
[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.785135 2019] [ssl:error] [pid 4560] SSL Library Error: error:04093004:rsa routines:old_rsa_priv_decode:RSA lib
[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.785200 2019] [ssl:error] [pid 4560] SSL Library Error: error:0D0680A8:asn1 encoding routines:asn1_check_tlen:wrong tag
[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.785269 2019] [ssl:error] [pid 4560] SSL Library Error: error:0D07803A:asn1 encoding routines:asn1_item_embed_d2i:nested asn1 error (Type=PKCS8_PRI$
[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.785434 2019] [ssl:emerg] [pid 4560] AH02311: Fatal error initialising mod_ssl, exiting. See /var/log/apache2/error.log for more information
[Mon Dec 02 11:08:57.785469 2019] [ssl:emerg] [pid 4560] AH02564: Failed to configure encrypted (?) private key MyWebSite.com:443:0, check /etc/apache2/ssl/MyWebSite$
AH00016: Configuration Failed

如图所示，“未找到私钥”并不是指 key 的路径，而是 key 已损坏。我通过以下方式打开 key 进行了检查:

sudo nano MyWebSite.key

如果 key 是正确的，它将有文本

----- BEGIN PRIVATE KEY -----

在键的顶部。解决方案是重新生成证书请求，重新颁发证书并安装新证书。如果您的处境与我相同，我希望这对您有所帮助。