ssl - 连接到 gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com 时为 "verify error:num=20"

Question

我正在尝试运行位于 Apple Push Notification Services in iOS 6 Tutorial: Part 1/2 的 Ray Wenderlich 教程.

我在本地目录中创建了 AppID 和 SSL 证书以及 key 和 PEM 文件。之后，我到了测试证书是否有效的步骤，我从这个本地目录调用了以下命令:

$ openssl s_client -connect gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com:2195 
-cert PushChatCert.pem -key PushChatKey.pem

这产生了很多输出。输出的中间是以下内容:

verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:0

这是一个错误，还是一个错误的测试？如果是错误，原因是什么或者您建议如何解决？

---

这是完整的输出(减去证书数据):

Enter pass phrase for PushChatKey.pem:    
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=1 /C=US/O=Entrust, Inc./OU=www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference/OU=(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc./CN=Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:0
---
Certificate chain
 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Cupertino/O=Apple Inc./OU=iTMS Engineering/CN=gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com
   i:/C=US/O=Entrust, Inc./OU=www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference/OU=(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc./CN=Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
 1 s:/C=US/O=Entrust, Inc./OU=www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference/OU=(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc./CN=Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
   i:/O=Entrust.net/OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/OU=(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited/CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048)
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

<Long string of data removed>

-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Cupertino/O=Apple Inc./OU=iTMS Engineering/CN=gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com
issuer=/C=US/O=Entrust, Inc./OU=www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference/OU=(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc./CN=Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
---
No client certificate CA names sent
---
SSL handshake has read 2731 bytes and written 2215 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is AES256-SHA
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
SSL-Session:
    Protocol  : TLSv1
    Cipher    : AES256-SHA
    Session-ID: 
    Session-ID-ctx: 
    Master-Key: <removed>
    Key-Arg   : None
    Start Time: 1398633302
    Timeout   : 300 (sec)
    Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---

教程接着说“如果连接成功，您应该可以输入几个字符。当您按回车键时，服务器应该会断开连接。”我能够做到这一点，但服务器已断开连接。

但是教程继续说您可能必须查看输出才能发现错误。因此提出这个问题的原因。

Answer 1

This produced a lot of output. In the middle of the output was the following:

verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:0

您缺少根证书，应使用 -CAfile 或 -CApath 指定它。

但是，您可能在修复根证书问题后遇到握手警报。我认为这是由于我没有客户端证书引起的问题(因此您可能不会遇到)。下面，0x14094410 是 OpenSSL 错误，SSL 错误(来自 TLS 协议(protocol))只是 SSL 警报编号 40。 Alert 40是握手告警，没有附加信息。

第一个

确定你需要的根:

$ openssl s_client -connect gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com:2195
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=1 C = US, O = "Entrust, Inc.", OU = www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference, OU = "(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc.", CN = Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:0
140067272132264:error:14094410:SSL routines:SSL3_READ_BYTES:sslv3 alert handshake failure:s3_pkt.c:1257:SSL alert number 40
140067272132264:error:140790E5:SSL routines:SSL23_WRITE:ssl handshake failure:s23_lib.c:177:
---
Certificate chain
 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Cupertino/O=Apple Inc./OU=iTMS Engineering/CN=gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com
   i:/C=US/O=Entrust, Inc./OU=www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference/OU=(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc./CN=Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
 1 s:/C=US/O=Entrust, Inc./OU=www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference/OU=(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc./CN=Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
   i:/O=Entrust.net/OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/OU=(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited/CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048)

因此您需要 Entrust.net 证书颁发机构 (2048)。您可以从Entrust Root Certificates下载。 .它名为 entrust_2048_ca.cer，似乎是 PEM 格式。

第二

现在，再次运行 openssl s_client，但这次使用 -CAfile entrust_2048_ca.cer。请注意，它以 Verify return code: 0 (ok) 完成:

$ openssl s_client -connect gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com:2195 -CAfile entrust_2048_ca.cer 
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 O = Entrust.net, OU = www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.), OU = (c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited, CN = Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048)
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = "Entrust, Inc.", OU = www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference, OU = "(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc.", CN = Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Cupertino, O = Apple Inc., OU = iTMS Engineering, CN = gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com
verify return:1
140642906502824:error:14094410:SSL routines:SSL3_READ_BYTES:sslv3 alert handshake failure:s3_pkt.c:1257:SSL alert number 40
140642906502824:error:140790E5:SSL routines:SSL23_WRITE:ssl handshake failure:s23_lib.c:177:
---
Certificate chain
 0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Cupertino/O=Apple Inc./OU=iTMS Engineering/CN=gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com
   i:/C=US/O=Entrust, Inc./OU=www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference/OU=(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc./CN=Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
 1 s:/C=US/O=Entrust, Inc./OU=www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference/OU=(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc./CN=Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
   i:/O=Entrust.net/OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/OU=(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited/CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048)
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Cupertino/O=Apple Inc./OU=iTMS Engineering/CN=gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com
issuer=/C=US/O=Entrust, Inc./OU=www.entrust.net/rpa is incorporated by reference/OU=(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc./CN=Entrust Certification Authority - L1C
---
No client certificate CA names sent
---
SSL handshake has read 2683 bytes and written 338 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is AES256-SHA
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
SSL-Session:
    Protocol  : TLSv1
    Cipher    : AES256-SHA
    Session-ID: 
    Session-ID-ctx: 
    Master-Key: A2F375CC440179ADF831179C32A35AF4...
    Key-Arg   : None
    PSK identity: None
    PSK identity hint: None
    SRP username: None
    Start Time: 1398721005
    Timeout   : 300 (sec)
    Verify return code: 0 (ok)

第三

这是一种旧的做事方式，回到 SSLv3 仍然流行的时候。即 POODLE attack未知:

$ openssl s_client -connect gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com:2195 -CAfile entrust_2048_ca.cer 

您应该切换到 TLS 1.0 或更高版本并使用 Server Name Indication (SNI) . SNI 是 SSL 中不存在的 TLS 功能。您可能需要在 2016 年强制使用 TLS 1.2；您可以使用 -tls1_2 来做到这一点。

$ openssl s_client -connect gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com:2195 \
  -tls1 -servername gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com -CAfile entrust_2048_ca.cer

---

以下是来自其他评论和答案的信息。为了方便起见，我把它们收集起来了。您应该酌情对评论或答案投赞成票。

客户端证书

Korbbit 在下方提供了更多信息。它解决了我所做的声明，“警报握手失败......我相信这是一个客户端证书问题，因为我没有证书”。如果对您有帮助，您应该为 Korbbit 提供反馈:

if you look at the tutorial again you are meant to type...
-cert PushChatCert.pem -key PushChatKey.pem

根据 Korbbit 的反馈，答案变为:

$ openssl s_client -connect gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com:2195 \
  -tls1 -servername gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com \
  -cert PushChatCert.pem -key PushChatKey.pem -CAfile entrust_2048_ca.cer

ca-certificates bundle 和 -CApath

来自 Timur Bakeyev，Entrust.net 是一个著名的根证书颁发机构，因此它的证书来自通用 CA 证书 bundle (ca-certificates 在 Debian 中) .它通常安装在 /etc/ssl/certs 目录中，或者，可以使用 -CApath/etc/ssl/certs/ 选项引用.

您可以使用 -CApath 代替 -CAfile，如下所示。

$ openssl s_client -connect gateway.sandbox.push.apple.com:2195 -CApath /etc/ssl/certs/