c++ - 编译一些简单的 C++ 代码时出错

Question

我尝试在 osx lion 上编译此 cpp 代码，但出现错误。

#include <iostream> 

using namespace std; 

int main (int argc, char *argv[]) 
{ 
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) 
    { 
        cout << "hi"; 
        cout << endl; 
    } 

    return 0; 
}

编译:

cc main.cpp

错误:

Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
  "std::cout", referenced from:
      _main in ccBdbc76.o
  "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& std::operator<< <std::char_traits<char> >(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&, char const*)", referenced from:
      _main in ccBdbc76.o
  "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& std::endl<char, std::char_traits<char> >(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&)", referenced from:
      _main in ccBdbc76.o
  "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& (*)(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&))", referenced from:
      _main in ccBdbc76.o
  "std::ios_base::Init::Init()", referenced from:
      __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)in ccBdbc76.o
  "std::ios_base::Init::~Init()", referenced from:
      ___tcf_0 in ccBdbc76.o
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

Answer 1

通常这种故障发生在通过调用 C 前端编译 C++ 代码时。您执行的 gcc 理解文件并将其编译为 C++，但不会将其与 C++ 库链接。示例:

$ gcc example.cpp 
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
  "std::cout", referenced from:
      _main in ccLTUBHJ.o
  "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& std::operator<< <std::char_traits<char> >(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&, char const*)", referenced from:
      _main in ccLTUBHJ.o
  "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& std::endl<char, std::char_traits<char> >(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&)", referenced from:
      _main in ccLTUBHJ.o
  "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& (*)(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&))", referenced from:
      _main in ccLTUBHJ.o
  "std::ios_base::Init::Init()", referenced from:
      __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)in ccLTUBHJ.o
  "std::ios_base::Init::~Init()", referenced from:
      ___tcf_0 in ccLTUBHJ.o
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
$ g++ example.cpp 
$ 

如您所见，使用 g++ 可以解决问题。如果您使用 clang(我推荐)，则会发生相同的行为(消息略有不同):

$ clang example.cpp 
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
  "std::ios_base::Init::~Init()", referenced from:
      ___cxx_global_var_init in cc-IeV9O1.o
  "std::ios_base::Init::Init()", referenced from:
      ___cxx_global_var_init in cc-IeV9O1.o
  "std::cout", referenced from:
      _main in cc-IeV9O1.o
  "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& std::endl<char, std::char_traits<char> >(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&)", referenced from:
      _main in cc-IeV9O1.o
  "std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& std::operator<< <std::char_traits<char> >(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&, char const*)", referenced from:
      _main in cc-IeV9O1.o
  "std::ostream::operator<<(std::ostream& (*)(std::ostream&))", referenced from:
      _main in cc-IeV9O1.o
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
$ clang++ example.cpp 
$

正如您在 clang 错误消息中所看到的，您可以使用 -v 查看链接器调用以查看出现了什么问题。它会向您显示此链接行:

"/usr/bin/ld" -demangle -dynamic -arch x86_64 
    -macosx_version_min 10.6.8 -o a.out -lcrt1.10.6.o
    /var/folders/zl/zlZcj24WHvenScwjPFFFQE+++TI/-Tmp-/cc-hdOL8Z.o
    -lSystem /Developer/usr/bin/../lib/clang/3.0/lib/darwin/libclang_rt.osx.a

或类似的东西 - 如您所见，它链接的是 C 运行时，而不是 C++，并且也没有 C++ 库。使用 clang++ 链接行是:

"/usr/bin/ld" -demangle -dynamic -arch x86_64
     -macosx_version_min 10.6.8 -o a.out -lcrt1.10.6.o 
     /var/folders/zl/zlZcj24WHvenScwjPFFFQE+++TI/-Tmp-/cc-wJwxjP.o 
     /usr/lib/libstdc++.6.dylib -lSystem
     /Developer/usr/bin/../lib/clang/3.0/lib/darwin/libclang_rt.osx.a

如您所见，libstdc++ 已包含在内，而且很快 - 没有链接错误。