Java数据库驱动设计

Question

我遇到这个问题，我需要设计一个 Java 包用于:

• 从不同的数据源获取数据。例如，A 类将从 Oracle 数据库中检索客户数据，而 B 类将从 Web 服务数据源中检索相同的信息(通过 SOAP )。
• 结果需要合并，合并的规则非常复杂，所以理想情况下我应该对这个包的用户(其他开发人员)隐藏它。
• 当一个数据源失败时，我仍然需要从其他数据源返回结果。但是，我还需要让调用者知道其中一个数据源未能响应。

现在，我正在通过在 A 类和 B 类中设置一个 boolean 值来指示是否存在错误，以及另一个用于存储实际错误消息的对象。调用者必须在调用后检查此 boolean 值以查看是否发生错误。

什么是好的设计模型？

Answer 1

答案会非常广泛，所以我建议您使用:

• Data Access Object (DAO) design pattern抽象数据源(数据库或网络服务)
• strategy pattern抽象合并数据的算法(当两个来源都可用且只有一个来源时)
• 最后是 state design pattern根据可用的来源更改应用程序的工作方式。
• 所有这些都(为什么不)包裹在一个漂亮的 facade 中.

此伪代码的语法与 UML 相似和 Python :

// The data implements one interface
Data {interface}

// And you implement it with DatabaseData
DbData -> Data
   ...

// Or WebServiceData
WsData -> Data
   ...

// -- DAO part
Dao {interface}
   + fetch(): Data[]

// From database
DatabaseDao -> Dao
    - data: Data[0..*]
    // Query database and create dbData from rows...
    + fetch(): Data[]
        self.status = "Not ok"
        self.status = connectToDb()
        if( self.status == ok ,
            performQuery()
            forEach( row in resultSet,
                data.add( DbData.new( resultSet.next() ) )
            )
            disconnect()
        )
    ...

// From web service
WebServiceDao -> Dao
    - data: Data[0..*]
    // Execute remote method and create wsData from some strange object
    + fetch(): Data[]
        remoteObject: SoapObject = SoapObject()
        remoteObject.connect()
        if (remoteObject.connected?(),
            differentData: StrangeObject = remoteObject.getRemoteData()
            forEach( object in differentData ,
                self.data.add( WsData.new( fromElement ))
            )
        ).else(
           self.status = "Disconnected"
        )
    ....
// -- State part
// Abstract the way the data is going to be retrieved
// either from two sources or from a single one.
FetcheState { abstract }

    - context: Service
    - dao: Dao // Used for a single source

    + doFetch(): Data[] { abstract }

    + setContext( context: Service )
        self.context = context
    + setSingleSource( dao: Dao)
        self.dao = dao

// Fetches only from one DAO, and it doesn't quite merge anything
// because there is only one source after all.
OneSourceState -> FetcheState
   // Use the single DAO and fetch
   + doFetch(): Data[]
       data: Data[] =  self.dao.doFetch()
       // It doesn't hurt to call "context's" merger anyway.
       context.merger.merge( data, null )

// Two sources, are more complex, fetches both DAOs, and validates error.
// If one source had an error, it changes the "state" of the application (context),
// so it can fetch from single source next time.
TwoSourcesState -> FetcheState
    - db: Dao = DatabaseDao.new()
    - ws: Dao = WebServiceDao.new()

    + doFetch(): Data[]
        dbData: Data[] =  db.doFetch()
        wsData: Data[] =  ws.doFetch()

        if( ws.hadError() or db.hadError(),
            // Changes the context's state
            context.fetcher = OneSourceState.new()
            context.merger = OneKindMergeStrategy.new()
            context.fetcher.setContext( self.context )
            // Find out which one was broken
            if( ws.hadError(),
                context.fetcher.setSingleSource( db )
            )
            if( db.hadError(),
                context.fetcher.setSingleSource( ws )
            )
        )
        // Since we have the data already let's 
        // merge it with the "context's" merger.
        return context.merger.merge( dbData, wsData)

// -- Strategy part --
// Encapsulate algoritm to merge data
Strategy{ interface }
    + merge( a: Data[], with : Data[]  )

// One kind doesn't merge too much, just "cast" one array
// because there is only one source after all.
OneKindMergeStrategy -> Strategy
    + merge( a: Data[], b: Data[]  )
         mergedData: Data[]
         forEach( item, in( a ),
            mergedData = Data.new( item ) // Take values from wsData or dbData
         )
         return mergedData

// Two kinds merge, encapsulate the complex algorithm to
// merge data from two sources.
TwoKindsMergeStrategy -> Strategy
    + merge( a: Data[], with: Data[] ): Data[]
        forEach( item, in( a ),
            mergedData: Data[]
            forEach( other, in(with ),
                 WsData wsData = WsData.cast( item )
                 DbData dbData = DbData.cast( other )
                 // Add strange and complex logic here.
                 newItem = Data.new()
                 if( wsData.name == dbData.column.name and etc. etc ,
                    newItem.name = wsData+dbData...e tc. etc
                    ...
                    mergedData.add( newItem )
                 )
            )
        )
        return mergedData

// Finally, the service where the actual fetch is being performed.
Service  { facade }

    - merger: Strategy
    - fetcher: FetcheState

    // Initialise the object with the default "strategy" and the default "state".
    + init()
        self.fetcher  = TwoSourcesState()
        self.merger = TwoKindsMergeStrategy()
        fetcher.setContext( self )

    // Nahh, just let the state do its work.
    + doFetch(): Data[]
        // Fetch using the current application state
        return fetcher.doFetch()

客户端使用:

     service: Service = Service.new()
     service.init()
     data: Data[] = service.doFetch()

不幸的是，它看起来有点复杂。

OOP 在很大程度上基于多态性。

所以在 Dao 中，您让子类从任何地方获取数据，您只需将其称为 dao.fetch()。

在 Strategy 中相同，子类执行一种算法或另一种算法(避免有很多奇怪的 if，else的，switch 等)。

使用 State 会发生同样的事情。而不是像这样:

if isBroken and itDoesntWork() and if ImAlive()

等等，等等。你只是说，“嘿，这将是代码一。有两个连接，这是只有一个的时候。”。

最后，facade 对客户说“别担心，我来处理。”。