gpt4 book ai didi

c++ - 将函数指针从一种类型转换为另一种类型的最佳方法是什么?

转载 作者:塔克拉玛干 更新时间:2023-11-03 02:20:24 26 4
gpt4 key购买 nike

我在 Stack Overflow 上搜索了一个答案,但我没有得到任何关于这个问题的具体信息:只有关于使用各种类型的转换运算符的一般情况。因此,恰当的例子是使用 Windows GetProcAddress() API 调用检索函数地址时,它返回类型为 FARPROC 的函数指针,其中:typedef INT_PTR (__stdcall *FARPROC)();.

问题是,很少(如果有的话)寻求的实际函数具有此实际签名,如下面的 MRCE 代码所示。在这段代码中,我展示了将返回值转换为适当类型的函数指针的各种不同尝试,除第四种方法外,所有方法都被注释掉了:

#include <Windows.h>
#include <iostream>

typedef DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT(__stdcall* TYPE_SetDPI)(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT); // Function pointer typedef
static DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT __stdcall STUB_SetDpi(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT) { return nullptr; } // Dummy 'stub' function
static DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT(__stdcall* REAL_SetDpi)(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT) = STUB_SetDpi; // Func ptr to be assigned

using std::cout; using std::endl;

int main()
{
HINSTANCE hDll = LoadLibrary("User32.dll");
if (!hDll) {
cout << "User32.dll failed to load!\n" << endl;
return 1;
}
cout << "User32.dll loaded succesfully..." << endl;

// (1) Simple assignment doesn't work ...
// REAL_SetDpi = GetProcAddress(hDll, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
// (2) Using 'C'-style cast does work, but it is flagged as 'evil' ...
// REAL_SetDpi = (TYPE_SetDPI)GetProcAddress(hDll, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
// (3) Using reinterpret_cast: seems OK with clang-cl but MSVC doesn't like it ...
// REAL_SetDpi = reinterpret_cast<TYPE_SetDPI>(GetProcAddress(hDll,
// (4) Using a temporary plain "void *": OK with MSVC but clang-cl complains ...
void* tempPtr = GetProcAddress(hDll, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
REAL_SetDpi = reinterpret_cast<TYPE_SetDPI>(tempPtr);
// (5) Using a union (cheating? - but neither clang-cl nor MSVC give any warning!) ...
// union {
// intptr_t(__stdcall* gotProc)(void);
// TYPE_SetDPI usrProc; // This has the 'signature' for the actual function.
// } TwoProcs;
// TwoProcs.gotProc = GetProcAddress(hDll, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
// REAL_SetDpi = TwoProcs.usrProc;

if (REAL_SetDpi == nullptr) cout << "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext function not found!" << endl;
else cout << "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext function loaded OK!" << endl;

FreeLibrary(hDll);
return 0;
}

clang-cl 和原生 MSVC 编译器给出的各种错误/警告消息,对于 5 个选项中的每一个,如下所示:

// (1) Simple assignment doesn't work ...
REAL_SetDpi = GetProcAddress(hDll, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");

clang-cl -> error : assigning to 'DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT (*)(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT) __attribute__((stdcall))'
(aka 'DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT__ *(*)(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT__ *)') from incompatible type 'FARPROC'
(aka 'long long (*)()'): different number of parameters (1 vs 0)
Visual-C -> error C2440: '=': cannot convert from 'FARPROC' to
'DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT (__cdecl *)(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT)'
message : This conversion requires a reinterpret_cast, a C-style cast or function-style cast

这个错误(当然)是预料之中的,但让我感到困惑的是为什么 MSVC 在我明确声明它时将我的函数显示为 __cdecl __stdcall?

// (2) Using 'C'-style cast does work, but it is flagged as dangerous ...
REAL_SetDpi = (TYPE_SetDPI)GetProcAddress(hDll, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");

clang-cl -> warning : use of old-style cast [-Wold-style-cast]
Visual-C -> warning C4191: 'type cast': unsafe conversion from 'FARPROC' to 'TYPE_SetDPI'
warning C4191: Calling this function through the result pointer may cause your program to fail

一般来说,我努力在我的代码中完全避免旧的、“C”风格的转换!在我被迫在“不相关”对象之间进行转换的地方,我使用显式的 reinterpret_cast 运算符,因为如果出现问题,在代码中追踪这些运算符要容易得多。因此,对于情况 3:

// (3) Using reinterpret_cast: seems OK with clang-cl but MSVC doesn't like it ...
REAL_SetDpi = reinterpret_cast<TYPE_SetDPI>(GetProcAddress(hDll, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext"));

clang-cl -> No error, no warning!
Visual-C -> warning C4191: 'reinterpret_cast': unsafe conversion from 'FARPROC' to 'TYPE_SetDPI'
Calling this function through the result pointer may cause your program to fail

这里,MSVC 警告与 C 风格的转换几乎相同。也许我可以接受这个,但案例 4 让事情变得更有趣:

// (4) Using a temporary plain "void *": OK with MSVC but clang-cl complains ...
void* tempPtr = GetProcAddress(hDll, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
REAL_SetDpi = reinterpret_cast<TYPE_SetDPI>(tempPtr);

clang-cl -> warning : implicit conversion between pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object is a Microsoft extension
[-Wmicrosoft-cast]
warning : cast between pointer-to-function and pointer-to-object is incompatible with C++98
[-Wc++98-compat-pedantic]

在这里,MSVC 没有发出警告——但我觉得我只是在“愚弄”编译器!我看不出这与案例 3 中的代码有何不同的整体效果。

// (5) Using a union (cheating? - but neither clang-cl nor MSVC give any warning!) ...
union {
intptr_t(__stdcall* gotProc)(void);
TYPE_SetDPI usrProc; // This has the 'signature' for the actual function.
} TwoProcs;
TwoProcs.gotProc = GetProcAddress(hDll, "SetThreadDpiAwarenessContext");
REAL_SetDpi = TwoProcs.usrProc;

我确实将此作为答案发布(现已撤回),@formerlyknownas_463035818 指出这是官方未定义行为和/或 C++ 中不允许的(link由上述评论员提供)。

我目前使用哪个选项?

因为我的软件专门面向 Windows,所以我使用最后一个(选项 4)有两个原因:(1) clang-cl 警告是“最不可怕的”; (2) 我认为 MSVC 可能是编译/构建 Windows 应用程序的最佳“中介”。

EDIT: Since first posting this question, and having 'reviewed' the various comments and suggestions made, I have now changed all instances of this type of cast (that is, from a function pointer loaded via GetProcAddress) in my code to using the following conversion 'function', defined in my global header file:

template<typename T> T static inline FprocPointer(intptr_t(__stdcall* inProc)(void)) {
__pragma(warning(suppress:4191)) // Note: no semicolon after this expression!
return reinterpret_cast<T>(inProc);
}

This allows for easy/rapid location of any such casts, should I need (or wish) to change the way they work in future.

为什么重要?

也许不是!但是,在我的代码的其他地方,当使用通过 GetProcAddress() 加载的函数指针时,我遇到了意外崩溃 - 不是任何标准的 WinAPI 调用,而是我自己的函数DLL,作为插件模块加载。下面的代码片段显示了一个潜在的案例:

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// These two routines are the 'interceptors' for plug-in commands; they check active plug-ins for handlers or updaters:

static int plin; //! NOTA BENE: We use this in the two functions below, as the use of a local 'plin' loop index
// is prone to induce stack corruption (?), especially in MSVC 2017 (MFC 14) builds for x86.

void BasicApp::OnUpdatePICmd(uint32_t nID, void *pUI)
{
//! for (int plin = 0; plin < Plugin_Number; ++plin) { // Can cause problems - vide supra
for (plin = 0; plin < Plugin_Number; ++plin) {
BOOL mEbl = FALSE; int mChk = -1;
if ((Plugin_UDCfnc[plin] != nullptr) && Plugin_UDCfnc[plin](nID, &mEbl, &mChk)) {
CommandEnable(pUI, mEbl ? true : false);
if (mChk >= 0) CmdUISetCheck(pUI, mChk);
return;
}
}
CommandEnable(pUI, false);
return;
}

void BasicApp::OnPluginCmd(uint32_t nID)
{
//! for (int plin = 0; plin < Plugin_Number; ++plin) { // Can cause problems - vide supra
for (plin = 0; plin < Plugin_Number; ++plin) {
piHandleFnc Handler = nullptr; void *pParam = nullptr;
if ((Plugin_CHCfnc[plin] != nullptr) && Plugin_CHCfnc[plin](nID, &Handler, &pParam) && (Handler != nullptr)) {
Handler(pParam);
return;
}
}
return;
}

请注意,Plugin_UDCfncPlugin_CHCfnc 是函数指针数组,按上述方式加载。

最后,我的问题又是什么?

双重:

  1. 忽略警告“安全”吗?
  2. 有没有更好的方法,使用标准库(我还在习惯使用它)– 也许像 std::bind()

我们将不胜感激任何帮助、建议或建议。

编辑:我使用 native MSVC 编译器进行“发布”构建(使用 /Wall),并明确禁用了一些特定警告(本地)在代码中。有时,我会通过 clang-cl 编译器运行我的整个代码库,以寻找其他可能存在危险代码的警告(实际上非​​常有用)。

最佳答案

我认为 C/C++ 缺少通用的函数指针类型,例如 void* 作为通用的对象指针类型。

通常,支持从一个函数指针转换为另一个函数指针,前提是您没有调用错误的函数指针类型。参见 [expr.reinterpret.cast]/6 :

A function pointer can be explicitly converted to a function pointer of a different type.

将一种函数指针类型转换为另一种类型时发出的警告通常很有用。进行此类转换可能会导致调用带有错误签名的函数。这样的问题可能只影响特定的 CPU 架构,或者只在特定的操作系统构建中被注意到,因此在初始测试后可能并不明显。标准只是说未指定,参见[expr.reinterpret.cast]/6 :

Except that converting a prvalue of type “pointer to T1” to the type “pointer to T2” (where T1 and T2 are function types) and back to its original type yields the original pointer value, the result of such a pointer conversion is unspecified.

void* 是否可以转换为函数指针类型以及它是否有足够的位是特定于实现的。不过,对于 Windows 来说是正确的。对于一般问题,我不会认可特定于 Windows 的习惯。看 [expr.reinterpret.cast]/8 :

Converting a function pointer to an object pointer type or vice versa is conditionally-supported.

union 类型双关引发了严格别名 ( What is the strict aliasing rule? ) 的问题,因此这不是智取编译器的好方法。

因此,在您的 GetProcAddress 调用附近或在 GetProcAddess 包装器中使用本地警告抑制。使用 reinterpret_cast

如果您打算使用辅助函数将一种函数类型转换为另一种函数类型而不发出警告,请确保仅在类似 GetProcAddress 的情况下使用它,当您使用一些通用签名来临时存储函数指针,但该签名不是实际签名——不是通过非预期类型调用函数指针。

对不起。

关于c++ - 将函数指针从一种类型转换为另一种类型的最佳方法是什么?,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/57973305/

26 4 0
Copyright 2021 - 2024 cfsdn All Rights Reserved 蜀ICP备2022000587号
广告合作:1813099741@qq.com 6ren.com