c++ - 为类型列表创建别名并将其作为模板参数传递

Question

我正在使用可变参数模板来实现访问者模式:

template<typename... Types>
class Visitor;

template<typename Type>
class Visitor<Type> {
    public:
        virtual void visit(Type &visitable) = 0;
};

template<typename Type, typename... Types>
class Visitor<Type, Types...>: public Visitor<Types...> {
    public:
        using Visitor<Types...>::visit;

        virtual void visit(Type &visitable) = 0;
};


template<typename... Types>
class VisitableInterface {
    public:
        virtual void accept(Visitor<Types...> &visitor) = 0;
};

template<typename Derived, typename... Types>
class Visitable : public VisitableInterface<Types...> {
    public:
        virtual void accept(Visitor<Types...> &visitor) {
            visitor.visit(static_cast<Derived&>(*this));
        }
};

class IntegerElement;
class StringElement;
class BoxElement;
class ImageElement;

class IntegerElement: public Visitable<IntegerElement, IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement,
    ImageElement> {};

class StringElement: public Visitable<StringElement, IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement,
    ImageElement> {};

class BoxElement: public Visitable<BoxElement, IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement,
    ImageElement> {};

class ImageElement: public Visitable<ImageElement, IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement,
    ImageElement> {};

class RenderEngine : public Visitor<IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement, ImageElement> 
{
    virtual void visit(IntegerElement& e) {};
    virtual void visit(StringElement& e) {};
    virtual void visit(BoxElement& e) {};
    virtual void visit(ImageElement& e) {};
};

int main(void)
{
    RenderEngine renderEngine;
    return 0;
}

假设将有更多的可访问类，当从 Visitable 和 Visitor 模板继承时，您最终会得到一长串类型。此外，如果要将 LinkElement 添加到此类访问者接受的可访问类型中，则必须在所有位置添加它。

因为从 Visitor 和 Visitable 继承时使用相同的类型列表(除了这个采用附加类型，继承的类的类型从它)，我想实现一个更优雅的解决方案。

除了宏之外，是否有更可取、更简洁的方法来为这个类型列表定义别名？

注意:通过宏，我指的是定义定义和使用它而不是实际列表:

#define VISITABLE_TYPES IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement, ImageElement
// Add more types here

Answer 1

std::tuple和 using是你的 friend 。

如果定义 Visitable这样

template <typename, typename>
class Visitable;

template<typename Derived, typename... Types>
class Visitable<Derived, std::tuple<Types...>> : public VisitableInterface<Types...> {
    public:
        virtual void accept(Visitor<Types...> &visitor) {
            visitor.visit(static_cast<Derived&>(*this));
        }
};

并通过 using 添加, 替代宏观思想的东西

using tupleT = std::tuple<IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement, ImageElement>;

你的元素的定义变得简单

class IntegerElement: public Visitable<IntegerElement, tupleT> {};
class StringElement: public Visitable<StringElement, tupleT> {};
class BoxElement: public Visitable<BoxElement, tupleT> {};
class ImageElement: public Visitable<ImageElement, tupleT> {};

您的示例已修改

#include <iostream>

template<typename... Types>
class Visitor;

template<typename Type>
class Visitor<Type> {
    public:
        virtual void visit(Type &visitable) = 0;
};

template<typename Type, typename... Types>
class Visitor<Type, Types...>: public Visitor<Types...> {
    public:
        using Visitor<Types...>::visit;

        virtual void visit(Type &visitable) = 0;
};


template<typename... Types>
class VisitableInterface {
    public:
        virtual void accept(Visitor<Types...> &visitor) = 0;
};

template <typename, typename>
class Visitable;

template<typename Derived, typename... Types>
class Visitable<Derived, std::tuple<Types...>> : public VisitableInterface<Types...> {
    public:
        virtual void accept(Visitor<Types...> &visitor) {
            visitor.visit(static_cast<Derived&>(*this));
        }
};

class IntegerElement;
class StringElement;
class BoxElement;
class ImageElement;

using tupleT = std::tuple<IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement, ImageElement>;

class IntegerElement: public Visitable<IntegerElement, tupleT> {};
class StringElement: public Visitable<StringElement, tupleT> {};
class BoxElement: public Visitable<BoxElement, tupleT> {};
class ImageElement: public Visitable<ImageElement, tupleT> {};

class RenderEngine : public Visitor<IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement, ImageElement> 
{
   public:
    virtual void visit(IntegerElement& e) { std::cout << "visit Int\n"; };
    virtual void visit(StringElement& e) { std::cout << "visit Str\n"; };
    virtual void visit(BoxElement& e) { std::cout << "visit Box\n"; };
    virtual void visit(ImageElement& e) { std::cout << "visit Img\n"; };
};

int main(void)
{
    RenderEngine renderEngine;

    IntegerElement  intE;
    StringElement   strE;
    BoxElement      boxE;
    ImageElement    imgE;

    renderEngine.visit(intE);
    renderEngine.visit(strE);
    renderEngine.visit(boxE);
    renderEngine.visit(imgE);
    return 0;
}

--- 编辑 ---

我试着回答你的评论问题

why was the template class Visitable; needed before defining the actual template?

我不知道是否有可能以更简单的方式做到这一点，但是......这是因为我们需要从 std::tuple 中“提取”类型.因此，您需要一个通用定义( template <typename, typename> 才能接收 std::tuple<something> 类型，并且您需要一个专门化以便提取 someting 类型。

the same neat trick can be also done for the Visitor template by defining an additional template that takes a std::tuple as template parameter. Can you add this to your answer as well, please?

是的，这是可能的。

但是你得修改VisitableInterface和 RenderEngine也是。

一点改进的大变化(恕我直言)；仅供使用tupleT定义 RenderEngine .

无论如何，你的例子变成了

#include <iostream>

template<typename>
class Visitor;

template<typename Type>
class Visitor<std::tuple<Type>> {
    public:
        virtual void visit(Type &visitable) = 0;
};

template<typename Type, typename... Types>
class Visitor<std::tuple<Type, Types...>>: public Visitor<std::tuple<Types...>> {
    public:
        using Visitor<std::tuple<Types...>>::visit;

        virtual void visit(Type &visitable) = 0;
};

template<typename... Types>
class VisitableInterface {
    public:
        virtual void accept(Visitor<std::tuple<Types...>> &visitor) = 0;
};

template <typename, typename>
class Visitable;

template<typename Derived, typename... Types>
class Visitable<Derived, std::tuple<Types...>> : public VisitableInterface<Types...> {
    public:
        virtual void accept(Visitor<std::tuple<Types...>> &visitor) {
            visitor.visit(static_cast<Derived&>(*this));
        }
};

class IntegerElement;
class StringElement;
class BoxElement;
class ImageElement;

using tupleT = std::tuple<IntegerElement, StringElement, BoxElement, ImageElement>;

class IntegerElement: public Visitable<IntegerElement, tupleT> {};
class StringElement: public Visitable<StringElement, tupleT> {};
class BoxElement: public Visitable<BoxElement, tupleT> {};
class ImageElement: public Visitable<ImageElement, tupleT> {};

class RenderEngine : public Visitor<tupleT> 
{
   public:
    virtual void visit(IntegerElement& e) { std::cout << "visit Int\n"; };
    virtual void visit(StringElement& e) { std::cout << "visit Str\n"; };
    virtual void visit(BoxElement& e) { std::cout << "visit Box\n"; };
    virtual void visit(ImageElement& e) { std::cout << "visit Img\n"; };
};

int main(void)
{
    RenderEngine renderEngine;

    IntegerElement  intE;
    StringElement   strE;
    BoxElement      boxE;
    ImageElement    imgE;

    renderEngine.visit(intE);
    renderEngine.visit(strE);
    renderEngine.visit(boxE);
    renderEngine.visit(imgE);
    return 0;
}