c++ - 如何将 c++ std::map 与关联数据的自定义比较函数进行比较？

Question

std::map<String, double> m1,m2;
m1["A"] = 20;
m2["A"] = 20.01;

if (m1 == m2)
    cout << "True";
else
    cout << "False";

示例代码打印 False，因为 20 不等于 20.1。但是在我的应用程序中，我想将这些值视为相等，因为这些值之间的差异在允许的公差范围内。那么有什么方法可以为数据(不是Key)提供自定义比较功能吗？

感谢任何帮助。

编辑:很抱歉代码中的错误。我复制了我试图找到解决这个问题的代码。对于我的场景， key 必须相等。

Answer 1

如果您只关心整个容器的相等性，我会推荐 ::std::equal 算法。方法如下:

const double tolerance = 0.01;
bool equal = m1.size() == m2.size() &&
             ::std::equal(m1.begin(), m1.end(), m2.begin(),
                          [tolerance](const decltype(m1)::value_type &a,
                                      const decltype(m2)::value_type &b) {
    return (a.first == b.first) &&
           (::std::abs(a.second - b.second) < tolerance);
});

如果您关心“小于”关系，那么 ::std::lexicographical_compare 就是您想要的。这需要 C++11 lambda 特性才能工作。

如果您真正想要的是以模糊方式比较相等的数据值，我会向您展示一些技巧(并且还需要一些 C++11 功能)fuzzy-double。 cpp。我禁用排序比较，因为这会诱使您将这些东西塞进排序容器中，并且因为 (2.0 == 2.1) && (2.1 == 2.2)，但是 (2.0 != 2.2) ，它们不适合这个目的。

#include <cmath>
#include <iostream>

template <const double &tolerance>
class fuzzy_double {
 public:
   fuzzy_double(double x) : x_(x) {
      static_assert(tolerance >= 0, "tolerance must be >= 0");
   }

   operator double() const { return x_; }
   const fuzzy_double &operator =(double x) { x_ = x; }

   bool equals(const fuzzy_double &b) const {
      return ::std::abs(x_ - b.x_) <= tolerance;
   }
   // This cannot be used as the basis of a 'less than' comparison operator for
   // the purposes of other algorithms because it's possible for a transitive
   // equality relationship to exit that equates all fuzzy_double's to
   // eachother. There is no strict ordering that makes sense.
   bool fuzzy_less(const fuzzy_double &b) const {
      return (b.x_ - x_) > tolerance;
   }

 private:
   double x_;
};

template <const double &tolerance>
bool operator ==(const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &a,
                 const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &b)
{
   return a.equals(b);
}

template <const double &tolerance>
bool operator !=(const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &a,
                 const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &b)
{
   return !a.equals(b);
}

template <const double &tolerance>
bool operator <(const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &a,
                const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &b)
{
   // tolerance < 0 should be an impossible condition and always be false, but
   // it's dependent on the template parameter and so only evaluated when the
   // template is instantiated.
   static_assert(tolerance < 0, "fuzzy_doubles cannot be ordered.");
   return false;
}

template <const double &tolerance>
bool operator >=(const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &a,
                const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &b)
{
   // tolerance < 0 should be an impossible condition and always be false, but
   // it's dependent on the template parameter and so only evaluated when the
   // template is instantiated.
   static_assert(tolerance < 0, "fuzzy_doubles cannot be ordered.");
   return false;
}

template <const double &tolerance>
bool operator >(const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &a,
                const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &b)
{
   // tolerance < 0 should be an impossible condition and always be false, but
   // it's dependent on the template parameter and so only evaluated when the
   // template is instantiated.
   static_assert(tolerance < 0, "fuzzy_doubles cannot be ordered.");
   return false;
}

template <const double &tolerance>
bool operator <=(const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &a,
                 const fuzzy_double<tolerance> &b)
{
   // tolerance < 0 should be an impossible condition and always be false, but
   // it's dependent on the template parameter and so only evaluated when the
   // template is instantiated.
   static_assert(tolerance < 0, "fuzzy_doubles cannot be ordered.");
   return false;
}

extern constexpr double ten_e_minus_2 = 0.01;

int main()
{
   fuzzy_double<ten_e_minus_2> a(3);
   fuzzy_double<ten_e_minus_2> b(3.009);
   fuzzy_double<ten_e_minus_2> c(2.991);
   fuzzy_double<ten_e_minus_2> d(3.011);
   fuzzy_double<ten_e_minus_2> e(2.989);

   using ::std::cout;

   cout << "a == a: " << (a == a) << '\n';
   cout << "a == b: " << (a == b) << '\n';
   cout << "a == c: " << (a == c) << '\n';
   cout << "a == d: " << (a == d) << '\n';
   cout << "a == e: " << (a == e) << '\n';
   return 0;
}

C++11 不允许 double，甚至 const 都不允许作为模板参数。 OTOH 确实允许对具有外部链接的对象的指针和引用作为模板参数。因此，如果您将公差声明为 extern constexpr double，则可以将命名的公差用作模板参数。