java - 现在更好的 Java 单例模式？

Question

这个问题在这里已经有了答案:





What is an efficient way to implement a singleton pattern in Java? [closed]

(29 个回答)


5年前关闭。




您知道，自从 Java 5 发布以来，在 Java 中编写单例模式的推荐方法是使用枚举。

public enum Singleton {
    INSTANCE;
}

但是，我不喜欢这样做 - 强制客户端使用 Singleton.INSTANCE 以便访问单例实例。
也许，将单例隐藏在普通类中的更好方法，并提供对单例设施的更好访问:

public class ApplicationSingleton {
    private static enum Singleton {
        INSTANCE;               

        private ResourceBundle bundle;

        private Singleton() {
            System.out.println("Singleton instance is created: " + 
            System.currentTimeMillis());

            bundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle("application");
        }

        private ResourceBundle getResourceBundle() {
            return bundle;
        }

        private String getResourceAsString(String name) {
            return bundle.getString(name);
        }
    };

    private ApplicationSingleton() {}

    public static ResourceBundle getResourceBundle() {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getResourceBundle();
    }

    public static String getResourceAsString(String name) {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getResourceAsString(name);
    }
}

因此，客户端现在可以简单地编写:

ApplicationSingleton.getResourceAsString("application.name")

例如。
哪个好得多:

Singleton.INSTANCE.getResourceAsString("application.name")

所以，问题是:这是正确的做法吗？这段代码是否有任何问题(线程安全？)？它是否具有“枚举单例”模式的所有优点？似乎它需要从两个世界中取得更好的成绩。你怎么认为？有没有更好的方法来实现这一目标？
谢谢。

编辑
@全部
在 Effective Java，第 2 版中首先提到了单例模式的枚举用法: wikipedia:Java Enum Singleton .我完全同意我们应该尽可能减少 Singleton 的使用，但我们不能完全摆脱它们。
在我提供另一个示例之前，让我说，带有 ResourceBundle 的第一个示例只是一个案例，示例本身(和类名称)并非来自实际应用程序。但是，需要说的是，我不知道 ResourceBundle 缓存管理，感谢您提供的信息)

下面，单例模式有两种不同的方法，第一种是使用 Enum 的新方法，第二种是我们大多数人以前使用的标准方法。我试图展示它们之间的显着差异。

使用枚举的单例:
ApplicationSingleton 类是:

public class ApplicationSingleton implements Serializable {
    private static enum Singleton {
        INSTANCE;               

        private Registry registry;

        private Singleton() {
            long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); 
            System.out.println("Singleton instance is created: " + 
                    currentTime);

            registry = new Registry(currentTime);
        }

        private Registry getRegistry() {
            return registry;
        }

        private long getInitializedTime() {
            return registry.getInitializedTime();
        }

        private List<Registry.Data> getData() {
            return registry.getData();
        }
    };

    private ApplicationSingleton() {}

    public static Registry getRegistry() {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getRegistry();
    }

    public static long getInitializedTime() {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getInitializedTime();
    }

    public static List<Registry.Data> getData() {
        return Singleton.INSTANCE.getData();
    }    
}

注册表类是:

public class Registry {
    private List<Data> data = new ArrayList<Data>();
    private long initializedTime;

    public Registry(long initializedTime) {
        this.initializedTime = initializedTime;
        data.add(new Data("hello"));
        data.add(new Data("world"));
    }

    public long getInitializedTime() {
        return initializedTime;
    }

    public List<Data> getData() {
        return data;
    }

    public class Data {      
        private String name;

        public Data(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }                   
    }
}

和测试类:

public class ApplicationSingletonTest {     

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {                   

        String rAddress1 = 
            ApplicationSingleton.getRegistry().toString();

        Constructor<ApplicationSingleton> c = 
            ApplicationSingleton.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
        c.setAccessible(true);
        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton1 = c.newInstance();
        String rAddress2 = applSingleton1.getRegistry().toString();

        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton2 = c.newInstance();
        String rAddress3 = applSingleton2.getRegistry().toString();             


        // serialization

        ByteArrayOutputStream byteOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(byteOut);
        out.writeObject(applSingleton1);

        ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(byteOut.toByteArray()));
        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton3 = (ApplicationSingleton) in.readObject();

        String rAddress4 = applSingleton3.getRegistry().toString();

        List<Registry.Data> data = ApplicationSingleton.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data1 = applSingleton1.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data2 = applSingleton2.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data3 = applSingleton3.getData();

        System.out.printf("applSingleton1=%s, applSingleton2=%s, applSingleton3=%s\n", applSingleton1, applSingleton2, applSingleton3);
        System.out.printf("rAddr1=%s, rAddr2=%s, rAddr3=%s, rAddr4=%s\n", rAddress1, rAddress2, rAddress3, rAddress4);
        System.out.printf("dAddr1=%s, dAddr2=%s, dAddr3=%s, dAddr4=%s\n", data, data1, data2, data3);
        System.out.printf("time0=%d, time1=%d, time2=%d, time3=%d\n",
                ApplicationSingleton.getInitializedTime(),
                applSingleton1.getInitializedTime(), 
                applSingleton2.getInitializedTime(),
                applSingleton3.getInitializedTime());
    }

}

这是输出:

Singleton instance is created: 1304067070250
applSingleton1=ApplicationSingleton@18a7efd, applSingleton2=ApplicationSingleton@e3b895, applSingleton3=ApplicationSingleton@6b7920
rAddr1=Registry@1e5e2c3, rAddr2=Registry@1e5e2c3, rAddr3=Registry@1e5e2c3, rAddr4=Registry@1e5e2c3
dAddr1=[Registry$Data@1dd46f7, Registry$Data@5e3974], dAddr2=[Registry$Data@1dd46f7, Registry$Data@5e3974], dAddr3=[Registry$Data@1dd46f7, Registry$Data@5e3974], dAddr4=[Registry$Data@1dd46f7, Registry$Data@5e3974]
time0=1304067070250, time1=1304067070250, time2=1304067070250, time3=1304067070250

应该提到的是:

单例实例仅创建一次

是的，ApplicationSingletion 有几个不同的实例，但它们都包含相同的 Singleton 实例

所有 的注册表内部数据都相同不同 ApplicationSingleton 实例

所以，总结一下:枚举方法工作正常，防止通过反射攻击重复创建单例，并在序列化后返回相同的实例。

单例使用标准方法:

ApplicationSingleton 类是:

public class ApplicationSingleton implements Serializable {
    private static ApplicationSingleton INSTANCE;

    private Registry registry;

    private ApplicationSingleton() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(10);
        } catch (InterruptedException ex) {}        
        long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println("Singleton instance is created: " + 
                currentTime);
        registry = new Registry(currentTime);
    }

    public static ApplicationSingleton getInstance() {
        if (INSTANCE == null) {
            return newInstance();
        }
        return INSTANCE;

    }

    private synchronized static ApplicationSingleton newInstance() {
        if (INSTANCE != null) {
            return INSTANCE;
        }
        ApplicationSingleton instance = new ApplicationSingleton();
        INSTANCE = instance;

        return INSTANCE;
    }

    public Registry getRegistry() {
        return registry;
    }

    public long getInitializedTime() {
        return registry.getInitializedTime();
    }

    public List<Registry.Data> getData() {
        return registry.getData();
    }
}

Registry 类是(注意 Registry 和 Data 类应该明确地实现 Serializable 以便序列化工作):

//now Registry should be Serializable in order serialization to work!!!
public class Registry implements Serializable {
    private List<Data> data = new ArrayList<Data>();
    private long initializedTime;

    public Registry(long initializedTime) {
        this.initializedTime = initializedTime;
        data.add(new Data("hello"));
        data.add(new Data("world"));
    }

    public long getInitializedTime() {
        return initializedTime;
    }

    public List<Data> getData() {
        return data;
    }

    // now Data should be Serializable in order serialization to work!!!
    public class Data implements Serializable {      
        private String name;

        public Data(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }                   
    }
}

ApplicationSingletionTest 类是(大体相同):

public class ApplicationSingletonTest {     

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        String rAddress1 = 
            ApplicationSingleton.getInstance().getRegistry().toString();

        Constructor<ApplicationSingleton> c = 
            ApplicationSingleton.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
        c.setAccessible(true);
        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton1 = c.newInstance();
        String rAddress2 = applSingleton1.getRegistry().toString();

        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton2 = c.newInstance();
        String rAddress3 = applSingleton2.getRegistry().toString();             


        // serialization

        ByteArrayOutputStream byteOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(byteOut);
        out.writeObject(applSingleton1);

        ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(byteOut.toByteArray()));
        ApplicationSingleton applSingleton3 = (ApplicationSingleton) in.readObject();

        String rAddress4 = applSingleton3.getRegistry().toString();

        List<Registry.Data> data = ApplicationSingleton.getInstance().getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data1 = applSingleton1.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data2 = applSingleton2.getData();
        List<Registry.Data> data3 = applSingleton3.getData();

        System.out.printf("applSingleton1=%s, applSingleton2=%s, applSingleton3=%s\n", applSingleton1, applSingleton2, applSingleton3);
        System.out.printf("rAddr1=%s, rAddr2=%s, rAddr3=%s, rAddr4=%s\n", rAddress1, rAddress2, rAddress3, rAddress4);
        System.out.printf("dAddr1=%s, dAddr2=%s, dAddr3=%s, dAddr4=%s\n", data, data1, data2, data3);
        System.out.printf("time0=%d, time1=%d, time2=%d, time3=%d\n",
                ApplicationSingleton.getInstance().getInitializedTime(),
                applSingleton1.getInitializedTime(), 
                applSingleton2.getInitializedTime(),
                applSingleton3.getInitializedTime());
    }

}

这是输出:

Singleton instance is created: 1304068111203
Singleton instance is created: 1304068111218
Singleton instance is created: 1304068111234
applSingleton1=ApplicationSingleton@16cd7d5, applSingleton2=ApplicationSingleton@15b9e68, applSingleton3=ApplicationSingleton@1fcf0ce
rAddr1=Registry@f72617, rAddr2=Registry@4f1d0d, rAddr3=Registry@1fc4bec, rAddr4=Registry@1174b07
dAddr1=[Registry$Data@1256ea2, Registry$Data@82701e], dAddr2=[Registry$Data@1f934ad, Registry$Data@fd54d6], dAddr3=[Registry$Data@18ee9d6, Registry$Data@19a0c7c], dAddr4=[Registry$Data@a9ae05, Registry$Data@1dff3a2]
time0=1304068111203, time1=1304068111218, time2=1304068111234, time3=1304068111218

应该提到的是:

单例实例被创建了好几个!次

所有注册表对象都是具有自己数据的不同对象

所以，总结一下:标准方法对于反射攻击很弱，并且在序列化后返回不同的实例，但是对于相同的数据是可以的。

因此，似乎 Enum 方法更加可靠和健壮。它是当今在 Java 中使用单例模式的推荐方式吗？你怎么认为？
解释一个有趣的事实:为什么 enum 中的对象可以与其所属的类一起序列化，但没有实现 Serializable？它是功能还是错误？

Answer 1

我不知道现在枚举是构建单例的 Java 方式。但是如果你打算这样做，你也可以直接使用枚举。我看不出有什么好的理由将单例封装在一堆静态成员方法后面；一旦你这样做了，你也可以开始编写一个带有私有(private)静态成员的静态类。