python - 在用 f2py 包装的模块中包含一个编译模块(最小工作示例)？

Question

我已经尝试过，但失败了，以获得最低限度的工作示例。因为我不需要将我的大部分 Fortran 代码暴露给 python，所以我不需要 f2py 来包装它的大部分。此外，由于传递了可分配数组并使用了派生类型，我特别希望 f2py 仅包装我创建的接口(interface)模块(在以下示例中为“main.f90”)。但是我在获取我单独编译的其他模块以链接到我的主模块时遇到了问题。

代码:

注意所有源文件都在一个目录中。

我已经创建了一个要编译 (libtest.f90) 的 Fortran 模块:

module testmod
implicit none
contains

  subroutine testsub(arr)
    real, allocatable, intent(in) :: arr(:,:)
    print *, 'testsub executed'
  end subroutine testsub

end module testmod

还有一个我想用f2py包装的fortran模块(main.f90):

module mainmod

use testmod
implicit none
contains

  subroutine mainsub
    real, allocatable :: arr(:,:)
    call testsub(arr)
  end subroutine main sub

end module mainmod

我使用以下编译命令:

gfortran -c -fPIC libtest.f90

生成“libtest.o”和“testmod.mod”，以及

f2py -c --fcompiler=gfortran -L. -I. -llibtest -m Main main.f90

这给了我“ld: library not found for -llibtest”。

我不明白为什么会这样，因为它似乎对其他人有效 ( F2PY doesn't find a module ) .如果我取出 -llibtest，我当然会得到(在我的 python 脚本中):

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./script.py", line 7, in <module>
    import Main
ImportError: dlopen(/Users/gmueller/Workspace/Minimum_PySpin/Main.so, 2): Symbol not found: ___testmod_MOD_testsub
  Referenced from: /Users/gmueller/Workspace/Minimum_PySpin/Main.so
  Expected in: dynamic lookup

编辑:注意我在 OSX(10.9.5) 上，以防有所不同(但不应该，因为我不需要将任何 -shared (linux) 或 -dynamiclib (osx) 传递给 gfortran ，对吧？)。

这里是 f2py 的完整输出:

f2py -c --fcompiler=gfortran -L. -I. -llibtest -m Main main.f90
Unknown vendor: "gfortran"
running build
running config_cc
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
running config_fc
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
running build_src
build_src
building extension "Main" sources
f2py options: []
f2py:> /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.c
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7
Reading fortran codes...
    Reading file 'main.f90' (format:free)
Post-processing...
    Block: Main
            Block: mainmod
In: :Main:main.f90:mainmod
get_useparameters: no module testmod info used by mainmod
                Block: mainsub
In: :Main:main.f90:mainmod:mainsub
get_useparameters: no module testmod info used by mainsub
Post-processing (stage 2)...
    Block: Main
        Block: unknown_interface
            Block: mainmod
                Block: mainsub
Building modules...
    Building module "Main"...
        Constructing F90 module support for "mainmod"...
            Constructing wrapper function "mainmod.mainsub"...
              mainsub()
    Wrote C/API module "Main" to file "/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.c"
    Fortran 90 wrappers are saved to "/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.f90"
  adding '/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.c' to sources.
  adding '/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7' to include_dirs.
copying /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.c -> /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7
copying /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.h -> /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7
  adding '/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.f90' to sources.
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
running build_ext
customize UnixCCompiler
customize UnixCCompiler using build_ext
customize Gnu95FCompiler
Found executable /usr/local/bin/gfortran
customize Gnu95FCompiler using build_ext
building 'Main' extension
compiling C sources
C compiler: gcc -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common -dynamic -g -O2 -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes

creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8
creating /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7
compile options: '-I. -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7 -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/include/python2.7 -c'
gcc: /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.c
In file included from /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.c:2:
In file included from /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:17:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1804:
/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by "          "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
 ^
1 warning generated.
gcc: /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.c
In file included from /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.c:17:
In file included from /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:17:
In file included from /usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1804:
/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by "          "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
 ^
1 warning generated.
compiling Fortran 90 module sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I. -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7 -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/include/python2.7 -c'
extra options: '-J/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/ -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/'
gfortran:f90: main.f90
compiling Fortran sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I. -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7 -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/include/python2.7 -c'
extra options: '-J/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/ -I/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/'
gfortran:f90: /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.f90
/usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -Wall -g -undefined dynamic_lookup -bundle /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/main.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.o -L. -L/usr/local/lib/gcc/x86_64-apple-darwin/4.8.2 -llibtest -lgfortran -o ./Main.so
ld: library not found for -llibtest
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
ld: library not found for -llibtest
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
error: Command "/usr/local/bin/gfortran -Wall -g -Wall -g -undefined dynamic_lookup -bundle /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Mainmodule.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/fortranobject.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/main.o /var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/var/folders/yg/65v1lbd153v1jlt1kb91vcbm0000gq/T/tmpJSf2e8/src.macosx-10.4-x86_64-2.7/Main-f2pywrappers2.o -L. -L/usr/local/lib/gcc/x86_64-apple-darwin/4.8.2 -llibtest -lgfortran -o ./Main.so" failed with exit status 1

Answer 1

你的命令:

gfortran -c -fPIC libtest.f90

生成一个带有位置独立代码的目标文件。这是共享库的先决条件，而不是共享库。

如果你想按原样使用对象，你可以修改你的 f2py 调用:

f2py -c --fcompiler=gfortran -I. libtest.o -m Main main.f90

这将链接目标文件并生成文件 Main.cpython-33.so(Python 版本号可能因您而异)然后您可以import main在您的 Python 代码中。

---

如果你更愿意实际生成一个共享对象，你需要编译成一个共享库。一种方法是:

gfortran -shared -O2 -o libtest.so -fPIC libtest.f90

这会生成 libtest.so，现在您的原始 f2py 命令只需做一个小改动即可工作:

f2py -c --fcompiler=gfortran -L. -I. -ltest -m Main main.f90

我指的是将 -llibtest 更改为 -ltest，因为 -l 选项将添加 lib 到库的前面， .so 到最后，例如-ltest 将查找 libtest.so。这会生成 Main.cpython-33.so，它对 libtest.so 具有动态链接依赖性，因此您需要分发这两个共享库才能使用 python 模块。