python - 使用Scrapy爬取公共(public)FTP服务器

Question

如何让Scrapy爬取不需要用户名和密码的FTP服务器？我试过将 url 添加到起始 url，但 Scrapy 需要用户名和密码才能访问 FTP。我已经重写了 start_requests() 以提供默认请求(当我使用 Linux 的 ftp 命令尝试时，用户名“anonymous”和空白密码有效)，但我现在从服务器获得 550 个响应。

使用 Scrapy 爬取 FTP 服务器的正确方法是什么 - 理想情况下是一种适用于所有不需要用户名或密码访问的 FTP 服务器的方法？

Answer 1

没有文档，但 Scrapy 内置了这个功能。有一个 FTPDownloadHandler它使用 twisted 的 FTPClient 处理 FTP 下载。你不需要直接调用它，它会 automagically turn on如果请求了 ftp url。

在你的爬虫中，继续使用 scrapy.http.Request类，但在 ftp_user 和 ftp_password 项的 meta 字典中提供 ftp 凭据:

yield Request(url, meta={'ftp_user': 'user', 'ftp_password': 'password'})

ftp_user 和 ftp_password 是必需的。还有two optional keys您可以提供:

• ftp_passive(默认启用)设置 FTP 连接被动模式
• ftp_local_filename:
  • 如果没有给出，文件数据将作为一个普通的 scrapy Response 出现在 response.body 中，这意味着整个文件将在内存中。
  • 如果给定，文件数据将保存在具有给定名称的本地文件中这有助于下载非常大的文件以避免内存问题。此外，对于为方便起见，本地文件名也会在响应正文中给出。

当您需要下载文件并将其保存在本地而不处理蜘蛛回调中的响应时，后者很有用。

至于匿名使用，提供什么凭据取决于ftp服务器本身。用户是“匿名的”，密码通常是您的电子邮件、任何密码或空白。

仅供引用，引自 specification :

Anonymous FTP is a means by which archive sites allow general accessto their archives of information. These sites create a specialaccount called "anonymous". User "anonymous" has limited accessrights to the archive host, as well as some operating restrictions. Infact, the only operations allowed are logging in using FTP, listingthe contents of a limited set of directories, and retrieving files.Some sites limit the contents of a directory listing an anonymous usercan see as well. Note that "anonymous" users are not usually allowedto transfer files TO the archive site, but can only retrieve filesfrom such a site.

Traditionally, this special anonymous user account accepts any stringas a password, although it is common to use either the password"guest" or one's electronic mail (e-mail) address. Some archive sitesnow explicitly ask for the user's e-mail address and will not allowlogin with the "guest" password. Providing an e-mail address is acourtesy that allows archive site operators to get some idea of who isusing their services.

在控制台上尝试通常有助于了解您应该使用什么密码，欢迎消息通常会明确说明密码要求。真实世界的例子:

$ ftp anonymous@ftp.stratus.com
Connected to icebox.stratus.com.
220 Stratus-FTP-server
331 Anonymous login ok, send your complete email address as your password.
Password: 

---

这是 mozilla public FTP 的工作示例:

import scrapy
from scrapy.http import Request

class FtpSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "mozilla"
    allowed_domains = ["ftp.mozilla.org"]

    handle_httpstatus_list = [404]

    def start_requests(self):
        yield Request('ftp://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/firefox/releases/README',
                      meta={'ftp_user': 'anonymous', 'ftp_password': ''})

    def parse(self, response):
        print response.body

如果你运行爬虫，你会看到 README file 的内容在控制台上:

Older releases have known security vulnerablities, which are disclosed at 

  https://www.mozilla.org/security/known-vulnerabilities/

Mozilla strongly recommends you do not use them, as you are at risk of your computer 
being compromised. 
...