- c - 在位数组中找到第一个零
- linux - Unix 显示有关匹配两种模式之一的文件的信息
- 正则表达式替换多个文件
- linux - 隐藏来自 xtrace 的命令
<分区>
我编写了一个使用 multiprocessing
的小型 python 脚本(参见 https://stackoverflow.com/a/41875711/1878788 )。它在我测试时有效:
$ ./forkiter.py
0
1
2
3
4
sum of x+1: 15
sum of 2*x: 20
sum of x*x: 30
但是当我尝试使用 cProfile
对其进行分析时,我得到以下信息:
$ python3.6 -m cProfile -o forkiter.prof ./forkiter.py
0
1
2
3
4
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/runpy.py", line 193, in _run_module_as_main
"__main__", mod_spec)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/runpy.py", line 85, in _run_code
exec(code, run_globals)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 160, in <module>
main()
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 153, in main
runctx(code, globs, None, options.outfile, options.sort)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 20, in runctx
filename, sort)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/profile.py", line 64, in runctx
prof.runctx(statement, globals, locals)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 100, in runctx
exec(cmd, globals, locals)
File "./forkiter.py", line 71, in <module>
exit(main())
File "./forkiter.py", line 67, in main
sum_tuples, results_generator))
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 699, in next
raise value
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 385, in _handle_tasks
put(task)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/connection.py", line 206, in send
self._send_bytes(_ForkingPickler.dumps(obj))
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/reduction.py", line 51, in dumps
cls(buf, protocol).dump(obj)
_pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
会发生什么?
这是脚本:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""This script tries to work around some limitations of multiprocessing."""
from itertools import repeat, starmap
from multiprocessing import Pool
from functools import reduce
from operator import add
from time import sleep
# Doesn't work because local functions can't be pickled:
# def make_tuple_func(funcs):
# def tuple_func(args_list):
# return tuple(func(args) for func, args in zip(funcs, args_list))
# return tuple_func
#
# test_tuple_func = make_tuple_func((plus_one, double, square))
class FuncApplier(object):
"""This kind of object can be used to group functions and call them on a
tuple of arguments."""
__slots__ = ("funcs", )
def __init__(self, funcs):
self.funcs = funcs
def __len__(self):
return len(self.funcs)
def __call__(self, args_list):
return tuple(func(args) for func, args in zip(self.funcs, args_list))
def fork_args(self, args_list):
"""Takes an arguments list and repeat them in a n-tuple."""
return tuple(repeat(args_list, len(self)))
def sum_tuples(*tuples):
"""Element-wise sum of tuple items."""
return tuple(starmap(add, zip(*tuples)))
# Can't define these functions in main:
# They wouldn't be pickleable.
def plus_one(x):
return x + 1
def double(x):
return 2 * x
def square(x):
return x * x
def main():
def my_generator():
for i in range(5):
print(i)
yield i
test_tuple_func = FuncApplier((plus_one, double, square))
with Pool(processes=5) as pool:
results_generator = pool.imap_unordered(
test_tuple_func,
(test_tuple_func.fork_args(args_list) for args_list in my_generator()))
print("sum of x+1:\t%s\nsum of 2*x:\t%s\nsum of x*x:\t%s" % reduce(
sum_tuples, results_generator))
exit(0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
exit(main())
一些研究表明,有时对象需要一个 __setstate__
和 __getstate__
方法来进行 picklable。这有助于某些 pickling 协议(protocol),但这似乎并不能解决 cProfile
情况下的问题。请参阅下面的测试。
更新后的脚本:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""This script tries to work around some limitations of multiprocessing."""
from itertools import repeat, starmap
from multiprocessing import Pool
from functools import reduce
from operator import add
from time import sleep
import pickle
# Doesn't work because local functions can't be pickled:
# def make_tuple_func(funcs):
# def tuple_func(args_list):
# return tuple(func(args) for func, args in zip(funcs, args_list))
# return tuple_func
#
# test_tuple_func = make_tuple_func((plus_one, double, square))
class FuncApplier(object):
"""This kind of object can be used to group functions and call them on a
tuple of arguments."""
__slots__ = ("funcs", )
def __init__(self, funcs):
self.funcs = funcs
def __len__(self):
return len(self.funcs)
def __call__(self, args_list):
return tuple(func(args) for func, args in zip(self.funcs, args_list))
# Attempt to make it pickleable when under cProfile (doesn't help)
def __getstate__(self):
return self.funcs
def __setstate__(self, state):
self.funcs = state
def fork_args(self, args_list):
"""Takes an arguments list and repeat them in a n-tuple."""
return tuple(repeat(args_list, len(self)))
def sum_tuples(*tuples):
"""Element-wise sum of tuple items."""
return tuple(starmap(add, zip(*tuples)))
# Can't define these functions in main:
# They wouldn't be pickleable.
def plus_one(x):
return x + 1
def double(x):
return 2 * x
def square(x):
return x * x
def main():
def my_generator():
for i in range(5):
print(i)
yield i
test_tuple_func = FuncApplier((plus_one, double, square))
print("protocol 0")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
print("protocol 1")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
print("protocol 2")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
print("protocol 3")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
print("protocol 4")
try:
print(pickle.dumps(test_tuple_func, 0))
except pickle.PicklingError as err:
print("failed with the following error:\n%s" % err)
with Pool(processes=5) as pool:
results_generator = pool.imap_unordered(
test_tuple_func,
(test_tuple_func.fork_args(args_list) for args_list in my_generator()))
print("sum of x+1:\t%s\nsum of 2*x:\t%s\nsum of x*x:\t%s" % reduce(
sum_tuples, results_generator))
exit(0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
exit(main())
没有 cProfile
的测试似乎没问题:
$ ./forkiter.py
protocol 0
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
protocol 1
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
protocol 2
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
protocol 3
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
protocol 4
b'ccopy_reg\n_reconstructor\np0\n(c__main__\nFuncApplier\np1\nc__builtin__\nobject\np2\nNtp3\nRp4\n(c__main__\nplus_one\np5\nc__main__\ndouble\np6\nc__main__\nsquare\np7\ntp8\nb.'
0
1
2
3
4
sum of x+1: 15
sum of 2*x: 20
sum of x*x: 30
cProfile 下的测试在每个 pickle 协议(protocol)中都失败了(因此在多处理中也是如此):
$ python3.6 -m cProfile -o forkiter.prof ./forkiter.py
protocol 0
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
protocol 1
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
protocol 2
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
protocol 3
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
protocol 4
failed with the following error:
Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
0
1
2
3
4
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/runpy.py", line 193, in _run_module_as_main
"__main__", mod_spec)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/runpy.py", line 85, in _run_code
exec(code, run_globals)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 160, in <module>
main()
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 153, in main
runctx(code, globs, None, options.outfile, options.sort)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 20, in runctx
filename, sort)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/profile.py", line 64, in runctx
prof.runctx(statement, globals, locals)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/cProfile.py", line 100, in runctx
exec(cmd, globals, locals)
File "./forkiter.py", line 105, in <module>
exit(main())
File "./forkiter.py", line 101, in main
sum_tuples, results_generator))
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 699, in next
raise value
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 385, in _handle_tasks
put(task)
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/connection.py", line 206, in send
self._send_bytes(_ForkingPickler.dumps(obj))
File "/home/bli/lib/python3.6/multiprocessing/reduction.py", line 51, in dumps
cls(buf, protocol).dump(obj)
_pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle <class '__main__.FuncApplier'>: attribute lookup FuncApplier on __main__ failed
我有 powershell 脚本。通过调度程序,我运行 bat 文件,该文件运行 PS1 文件。 BAT文件 Powershell.exe -executionpolicy remotesigned
什么更快? 或者 $.getScript('../js/SOME.js', function (){ ... // with $.ajaxSetup({ cache: true });
需要bash脚本来显示文件 #!/bin/bash my_ls() { # save current directory then cd to "$1" pushd "$1" >/dev/nu
我有一个输入 csv 文件,实际上我需要在输入文件中选择第 2 列和第 3 列值,并且需要转换两个值的时区(从 PT 到 CT),转换后我需要替换转换后的时区值到文件。 注意: 所有输入日期值都在太平
我正在使用/etc/init.d/httpd 作为 init.d 脚本的模板。我了解文件中发生的所有内容,但以下行除外: LANG=$HTTPD_LANG daemon --pidfile=${pid
我有以下选择: python runscript.py -O start -a "-a "\"-o \\\"-f/dev/sda1 -b256k -Q8\\\" -l test -p maim\""
我对 shell 脚本完全陌生,但我需要编写一个 shell 脚本来检查文件是否存在,然后移动到另一个位置 这是我写的: 一旦设备崩溃,我就会在/storage/sdcard1/1 中收集日志 #!/
我正在使用 bash 脚本从文本文件中读取数据。 数据: 04:31 Alex M.O.R.P.H. & Natalie Gioia - My Heaven http://goo.gl/rMOa2q
这是单击按钮时运行的 javascript 的结尾 xmlObj.open ('GET', /ajax.php, true); xmlObj.send (''); } 所以这会执行根目录中的php脚本
关闭。这个问题需要debugging details .它目前不接受答案。 编辑问题以包含 desired behavior, a specific problem or error, and th
我需要将文件转换为可读流以通过 api 上传,有一个使用 fs.createReadStream 的 Node js 示例。任何人都可以告诉我上述声明的 python 等价物是什么? 例子 const
我有一个 shell 脚本 cron,它从同一目录调用 python 脚本,但是当这个 cron 执行时,我没有从我的 python 脚本中获得预期的输出,当我手动执行它时,我的 python 脚本的
如何使 XMLHttpRequest (ajax) 调用的 php 脚本安全。 我的意思是,不让 PHP 文件通过直接 url 运行,只能通过脚本从我的页面调用(我不想向未登录的用户显示数据库结果,并
我正在尝试添加以下内容 我正在使用经典的 asp。但我不断收到的错误是“一个脚本 block 不能放在另一个脚本 block 内。”我尝试了此处的 document.write 技术:Javasc
如何从另一个 PHP 脚本(如批处理文件)中运行多个 PHP 脚本?如果我了解 include 在做什么,我认为 include 不会起作用;因为我正在运行的每个文件都会重新声明一些相同的函数等。我想
我想创建具有动态内容的网页。我有一个 HTML 页面,我想从中调用一个 lua 脚本 如何调用 lua 脚本? ? ? 从中检索数据?我可以做类似的事情吗: int xx = 0; xx
我删除了我的第一个问题,并重新编写了更多细节和附加 jSfiddle domos。 我有一个脚本,它运行查询并返回数据,然后填充表。表中的行自动循环滚动。所有这些工作正常,并通过使用以下代码完成。然而
我尝试使用 amp 脚本,但收到此错误: “[amp-script] 脚本哈希未找到。amp-script[script="hello-world"].js 必须在元[name="amp-script
我有一个读取输入的 Shell 脚本 #!/bin/bash echo "Type the year that you want to check (4 digits), followed by [E
我正在从 nodejs 调用 Lua 脚本。我想传递一个数组作为参数。我在 Lua 中解析该数组时遇到问题。 下面是一个例子: var script = 'local actorlist = ARGV
我是一名优秀的程序员,十分优秀!