python - 如何通过 pip 安装 cairocffi？

Question

如何通过 pip 安装 cairocffi？

cairocffi 是一个基于 CFFI 的替代 Pycairo https://github.com/SimonSapin/cairocffi .

我正在尝试在 Ubuntu 14.04 上安装它:

alvas@ubi:~$ cat /etc/*-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=14.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=trusty
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 14.04.2 LTS"
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION="14.04.2 LTS, Trusty Tahr"
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 14.04.2 LTS"
VERSION_ID="14.04"
HOME_URL="http://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="http://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"

我已经尝试使用标准 pip 命令进行安装，但我得到了这个:

$ sudo pip install cairocffi
The directory '/home/alvas/.cache/pip/log' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the debug log has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
The directory '/home/alvas/.cache/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
The directory '/home/alvas/.cache/pip/http' or its parent directory is not owned by the current user and the cache has been disabled. Please check the permissions and owner of that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you may want sudo's -H flag.
Collecting cairocffi
  Downloading cairocffi-0.6.tar.gz (75kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 77kB 34kB/s 
Collecting cffi>=0.6 (from cairocffi)
  Downloading cffi-0.9.2.tar.gz (209kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 212kB 97kB/s 
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): pycparser in /usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages (from cffi>=0.6->cairocffi)
Installing collected packages: cffi, cairocffi
  Running setup.py install for cffi
    Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-d3kjzf__/cffi/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-ll323a3c-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    running install
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/gc_weakref.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    running build_ext
    building '_cffi_backend' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.4
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.4/c
    x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -g -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -Wformat -Werror=format-security -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/usr/include/python3.4m -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.4/c/_cffi_backend.o
    c/_cffi_backend.c:13:17: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
     #include <ffi.h>
                     ^
    compilation terminated.
    error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1

    ----------------------------------------
    Command "/usr/bin/python3 -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-d3kjzf__/cffi/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-ll323a3c-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-d3kjzf__/cffi

我手动检查了权限，发现没有写访问权限。 为什么会这样？为什么 sudo 不能覆盖权限？

$ ls -la .cache/pip/log/
total 60
drwxrwxr-x 2 alvas alvas  4096 Feb  3 10:51 .
drwx------ 4 alvas alvas  4096 Apr 12 23:16 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 alvas alvas 49961 Apr 12 23:18 debug.log

当我尝试 sudo -H pip install cairoffi 时，我得到:

sudo -H pip install cairocffi
Collecting cairocffi
  Using cached cairocffi-0.6.tar.gz
Collecting cffi>=0.6 (from cairocffi)
  Downloading cffi-0.9.2.tar.gz (209kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 212kB 29kB/s 
Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): pycparser in /usr/local/lib/python3.4/dist-packages (from cffi>=0.6->cairocffi)
Installing collected packages: cffi, cairocffi
  Running setup.py install for cffi
    Complete output from command /usr/bin/python3 -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-2sv6pbsp/cffi/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-xk4kkjrj-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    Package libffi was not found in the pkg-config search path.
    Perhaps you should add the directory containing `libffi.pc'
    to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable
    No package 'libffi' found
    running install
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/gc_weakref.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.4/cffi
    running build_ext
    building '_cffi_backend' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.4
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.4/c
    x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -g -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -Wformat -Werror=format-security -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -I/usr/include/ffi -I/usr/include/libffi -I/usr/include/python3.4m -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.4/c/_cffi_backend.o
    c/_cffi_backend.c:13:17: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
     #include <ffi.h>
                     ^
    compilation terminated.
    error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1

    ----------------------------------------
    Command "/usr/bin/python3 -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='/tmp/pip-build-2sv6pbsp/cffi/setup.py';exec(compile(getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__).read().replace('\r\n', '\n'), __file__, 'exec'))" install --record /tmp/pip-xk4kkjrj-record/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile" failed with error code 1 in /tmp/pip-build-2sv6pbsp/cffi

正如@MattDMo 所建议的，我已经尝试了 apt-get install libffi 但它仍然没有成功:

alvas@ubi:~$ sudo apt-get install libffi libffi-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package libffi

但是包管理器上没有任何libffi，所以我尝试了libffi-dev:

alvas@ubi:~$ sudo apt-get install libffi-dev
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libffi-dev
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
Need to get 99.8 kB of archives.
After this operation, 323 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ trusty/main libffi-dev amd64 3.1~rc1+r3.0.13-12 [99.8 kB]
Fetched 99.8 kB in 1s (76.3 kB/s)     
Selecting previously unselected package libffi-dev:amd64.
(Reading database ... 492855 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libffi-dev_3.1~rc1+r3.0.13-12_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libffi-dev:amd64 (3.1~rc1+r3.0.13-12) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for doc-base (0.10.5) ...
Processing 1 added doc-base file...
Processing triggers for install-info (5.2.0.dfsg.1-2) ...
Setting up libffi-dev:amd64 (3.1~rc1+r3.0.13-12) ...

它成功安装了 libffi-dev 但 cairoffi 仍然没有安装:

alvas@ubi:~$ sudo -H pip install cairoffi
Collecting cairoffi
  Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement cairoffi (from versions: )
  No matching distribution found for cairoffi
alvas@ubi:~$ sudo -H pip3 install cairoffi
Collecting cairoffi
  Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement cairoffi (from versions: )
  No matching distribution found for cairoffi

Answer 1

就在错误信息中:

No package 'libffi' found

您需要通过发行版的包管理器(yum, apt-get, whatever) 在 pip 安装之前。它们的名称可能因平台而异。