python - 在 Keras 中训练多类图像分类器

Question

我正在学习使用 Keras 训练分类器的教程

https://blog.keras.io/building-powerful-image-classification-models-using-very-little-data.html

具体来说，来自 second script作者给出的，我想将脚本转换成一个可以训练多类分类器的脚本(是猫和狗的二进制文件)。我的火车文件夹中有 5 个类(class)，所以我做了以下更改:

在train_top_model()的函数中:

我变了

model = Sequential()
model.add(Flatten(input_shape=train_data.shape[1:]))
model.add(Dense(256, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

进入

model = Sequential()
model.add(Flatten(input_shape=train_data.shape[1:]))
model.add(Dense(256, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.5))
model.add(Dense(5, activation='sigmoid'))

model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

train_labels = to_categorical(train_labels, 5)
validation_labels = to_categorical(validation_labels, 5)

完成训练后，模型达到了接近 99% 的训练准确率，但只有验证准确率的 70% 左右。因此，我开始思考，将 2 节课培训转换为 5 节课可能不是那么简单。也许我需要在标记类时使用 one-hot 编码(但我不知道如何)

编辑:

我也附上了我的微调脚本。另一个问题:微调开始时精度并没有有效提高。

import os
import h5py
import numpy as np
from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
from keras import optimizers
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Convolution2D, MaxPooling2D, ZeroPadding2D
from keras.layers import Activation, Dropout, Flatten, Dense

# path to the model weights files.
weights_path = 'D:/Users/EJLTZ/Desktop/vgg16_weights.h5'
top_model_weights_path = 'bottleneck_weights_2.h5'
# dimensions of our images.
img_width, img_height = 150, 150

train_data_dir = 'D:/Users/EJLTZ/Desktop/BodyPart-full/train_new'
validation_data_dir = 'D:/Users/EJLTZ/Desktop/BodyPart-full/validation_new'
nb_train_samples = 500
nb_validation_samples = 972
nb_epoch = 50

# build the VGG16 network
model = Sequential()
model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1), input_shape=(3, img_width, img_height)))

model.add(Convolution2D(64, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv1_1'))
model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(64, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv1_2'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D((2, 2), strides=(2, 2)))

model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(128, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv2_1'))
model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(128, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv2_2'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D((2, 2), strides=(2, 2)))

model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(256, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv3_1'))
model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(256, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv3_2'))
model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(256, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv3_3'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D((2, 2), strides=(2, 2)))

model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(512, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv4_1'))
model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(512, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv4_2'))
model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(512, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv4_3'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D((2, 2), strides=(2, 2)))

model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(512, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv5_1'))
model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(512, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv5_2'))
model.add(ZeroPadding2D((1, 1)))
model.add(Convolution2D(512, 3, 3, activation='relu', name='conv5_3'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D((2, 2), strides=(2, 2)))

# load the weights of the VGG16 networks
# (trained on ImageNet, won the ILSVRC competition in 2014)
# note: when there is a complete match between your model definition
# and your weight savefile, you can simply call model.load_weights(filename)
assert os.path.exists(weights_path), 'Model weights not found (see "weights_path" variable in script).'
f = h5py.File(weights_path)
for k in range(f.attrs['nb_layers']):
    if k >= len(model.layers):
        # we don't look at the last (fully-connected) layers in the savefile
        break
    g = f['layer_{}'.format(k)]
    weights = [g['param_{}'.format(p)] for p in range(g.attrs['nb_params'])]
    model.layers[k].set_weights(weights)
f.close()
print('Model loaded.')

# build a classifier model to put on top of the convolutional model
top_model = Sequential()
top_model.add(Flatten(input_shape=model.output_shape[1:]))
top_model.add(Dense(256, activation='relu'))
top_model.add(Dropout(0.5))
top_model.add(Dense(5, activation='softmax'))

# note that it is necessary to start with a fully-trained
# classifier, including the top classifier,
# in order to successfully do fine-tuning
top_model.load_weights(top_model_weights_path)

# add the model on top of the convolutional base
model.add(top_model)

# set the first 25 layers (up to the last conv block)
# to non-trainable (weights will not be updated)
for layer in model.layers[:25]:
    layer.trainable = False

# compile the model with a SGD/momentum optimizer
# and a very slow learning rate.
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
          optimizer=optimizers.SGD(lr=1e-4, momentum=0.9),
          metrics=['accuracy'])

# prepare data augmentation configuration
train_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(
    rescale=1./255,
    shear_range=0.2,
    zoom_range=0.2,
    horizontal_flip=True)

test_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1./255)

train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(
    train_data_dir,
    target_size=(img_height, img_width),
    batch_size=32,
    class_mode= 'categorical')

validation_generator = test_datagen.flow_from_directory(
    validation_data_dir,
    target_size=(img_height, img_width),
    batch_size=32,
    class_mode= 'categorical')

# fine-tune the model
model.fit_generator(
    train_generator,
    samples_per_epoch=nb_train_samples,
    nb_epoch=nb_epoch,
    validation_data=validation_generator,
    nb_val_samples=nb_validation_samples)

model.save_weights("fine-tune_weights.h5")
model.save("fine-tune_model.h5", True)

Answer 1

1. 使用 softmax 作为输出层的激活函数，它是逻辑函数在多类情况下的推广。了解更多信息 here .

2. 如果验证误差远大于训练误差(如您的情况)，则表明存在过度拟合。你应该做一些正则化，它被定义为学习算法的任何变化，旨在减少测试错误而不是训练错误。您可以尝试数据增强、提前停止、噪声注入(inject)、更激进的 dropout 等方法。

3. 如果您的设置与链接教程中的设置相同，请将 train_generator 和 validation_generator 的 class_mode 更改为categorical 并且它会一次性编码你的类。