c - 为什么 sizeof() 在 64 位 cpu 上不同？

Question

考虑以下示例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <inttypes.h>

struct A {
        uint32_t i1;
        uint32_t i2;
        uint32_t i3;
        uint64_t i4;
        uint32_t i5;
        uint32_t i6;
        uint32_t i7;
        uint64_t i8;
        uint32_t i9;
};

struct B {
        uint32_t i1;
        uint32_t i2;
        uint32_t i3;
        uint32_t i4;
        uint32_t i5;
        uint32_t i6;
        uint32_t i7;
        uint64_t i8;
        uint64_t i9;
};

int
main()
{
        struct A a;
        struct B b;

        printf("sizeof(a) = %u, sizeof(b) = %u\n", sizeof(a), sizeof(b));

        return 0;
}

输出是:

$ ./t2 
sizeof(a) = 56, sizeof(b) = 48
$ 

为什么它们在 64 位机器上不同？在 32 位平台上结果是相同的:

$ ./t2
sizeof(a) = 44, sizeof(b) = 44

Answer 1

一些图表可以帮助您理解:

32 位:

+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| i1 | i2 | i3 |   i4    | i5 | i6 | i7 |   i8    | i9 | Struct A
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
| i1 | i2 | i3 | i4 | i5 | i6 | i7 |   i8    |   i9    | Struct B
+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+

64 位:

+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| i1 | i2 | i3 |~~~~|    i4   | i5 | i6 | i7 |~~~~|   i8    | i9 |~~~~| Struct A
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| i1 | i2 | i3 | i4 | i5 | i6 | i7 |~~~~|   i8    |   i9    | Struct B
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

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