c - 为什么我的显存偏移量计算偏差了一个？

Question

我一直在阅读并遵循 Nick Blundell 撰写的关于从头编写操作系统的教程，该教程可在 https://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~exr/lectures/opsys/10_11/lectures/os-dev.pdf 找到。

我已经成功地编写了一个可以调用 C 代码的引导加载程序，所以我开始用 C 编写我的内核。我现在正在尝试编写可以在屏幕上打印字符和字符串的函数。当我开始执行 C 代码时，我处于 ​​32 位保护模式，因此我试图从视频内存地址 0xb8000 正确计算内存偏移量。

当我尝试使用计算出的偏移量访问视频内存的特定区域时，我的问题就开始了。由于文本区域是 25 行 x 80 列，我使用公式 ((row * 80) + column) * 2 因为我必须有一个字符字节和一个属性字节。当我设置 row = 0 和 column = 0 时，我尝试打印的 X 不存在。设置 row = 0 和 column = 1，X 出现在左上角。

从 char* video_memory = 0xb8000 开始并重复发出 video_memory++ 允许我正确访问每个字节并在黑色背景上打印一个空格。

这是我的主要代码:

#include "../drivers/screen.h"

void main() {

   //clear_screen();
   //print_character('X', 0, 0, 0);

   // Helper variables.
   int row;
   int column;

   // We need to point at 0xB8000, where video memory resides.
   unsigned char* video_memory = (unsigned char*)0xB8000;
   for(row = 0; row < 25; row++) {
      for(column = 0; column < 80; column++) {
         // Clear the screen by printing a space on a black background.
         *video_memory = ' ';
         video_memory += 1;
         *video_memory = 0x0F;
         video_memory += 1;
      }
   }

   // Test the offset calculation by printing at row 0, column 0 (the upper 
   // left corner of the screen).
   row = 0;
   column = 0;

   // For an 80 by 25 grid. Multiply by 2 to account for the need of two bytes 
   // to display a character with given attributes.
   int offset = ((row * 80) + column) * 2;

   // Reset memory location after the loop.
   video_memory = (unsigned char*)0xB8000;

   // Add the offset to get the desired cell.
   // THIS IS WHERE THE PROBLEM IS! Setting column = 1 prints in the first cell
   // of video memory instead of the second.
   video_memory += offset;

   // Set character and its attributes.
   *video_memory = 'X';
   video_memory++;
   *video_memory = 0x0F;
}

这是当 row = 0 和 column = 0 时显示的控制台: The console when row and column are 0. No X appears.

这是行 = 0 和列 = 1 时的控制台: The console when row is 0 and column is 1. An X appears.

这是我上面的 kernel.c 文件的 objdump:

kernel.o:     file format elf64-x86-64


Disassembly of section .text:

0000000000000000 <main>:
#include "../drivers/screen.h"

void main() {
   0:   55                      push   rbp
   1:   48 89 e5                mov    rbp,rsp
   // Helper variables.
   int row;
   int column;

   // We need to point at 0xB8000, where video memory resides.
   unsigned char* video_memory = (unsigned char*)0xB8000;
   4:   48 c7 45 f8 00 80 0b    mov    QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],0xb8000
   b:   00 
   for(row = 0; row < 25; row++) {
   c:   c7 45 ec 00 00 00 00    mov    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14],0x0
  13:   eb 2f                   jmp    44 <main+0x44>
      for(column = 0; column < 80; column++) {
  15:   c7 45 f0 00 00 00 00    mov    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],0x0
  1c:   eb 1c                   jmp    3a <main+0x3a>
         // Clear the screen by printing a space on a black background.
         *video_memory = ' ';
  1e:   48 8b 45 f8             mov    rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8]
  22:   c6 00 20                mov    BYTE PTR [rax],0x20
         video_memory += 1;
  25:   48 83 45 f8 01          add    QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],0x1
         *video_memory = 0x0F;
  2a:   48 8b 45 f8             mov    rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8]
  2e:   c6 00 0f                mov    BYTE PTR [rax],0xf
         video_memory += 1;
  31:   48 83 45 f8 01          add    QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],0x1
   int column;

   // We need to point at 0xB8000, where video memory resides.
   unsigned char* video_memory = (unsigned char*)0xB8000;
   for(row = 0; row < 25; row++) {
      for(column = 0; column < 80; column++) {
  36:   83 45 f0 01             add    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],0x1
  3a:   83 7d f0 4f             cmp    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],0x4f
  3e:   7e de                   jle    1e <main+0x1e>
   int row;
   int column;

   // We need to point at 0xB8000, where video memory resides.
   unsigned char* video_memory = (unsigned char*)0xB8000;
   for(row = 0; row < 25; row++) {
  40:   83 45 ec 01             add    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14],0x1
  44:   83 7d ec 18             cmp    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14],0x18
  48:   7e cb                   jle    15 <main+0x15>
      }
   }

   // Test the offset calculation by printing at row 0, column 0 (the upper 
   // left corner of the screen).
   row = 0;
  4a:   c7 45 ec 00 00 00 00    mov    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14],0x0
   column = 0;
  51:   c7 45 f0 00 00 00 00    mov    DWORD PTR [rbp-0x10],0x0

   // For an 80 by 25 grid. Multiply by 2 to account for the need of two bytes 
   // to display a character with given attributes.
   int offset = ((row * 80) + column) * 2;
  58:   8b 55 ec                mov    edx,DWORD PTR [rbp-0x14]
  5b:   89 d0                   mov    eax,edx
  5d:   c1 e0 02                shl    eax,0x2
  60:   01 d0                   add    eax,edx
  62:   c1 e0 04                shl    eax,0x4
  65:   89 c2                   mov    edx,eax
  67:   8b 45 f0                mov    eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0x10]
  6a:   01 d0                   add    eax,edx
  6c:   01 c0                   add    eax,eax
  6e:   89 45 f4                mov    DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],eax

   // Reset memory location after the loop.
   video_memory = (unsigned char*)0xB8000;
  71:   48 c7 45 f8 00 80 0b    mov    QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],0xb8000
  78:   00 

   // Add the offset to get the desired cell.
   // THIS IS WHERE THE PROBLEM IS! Setting column = 1 prints in the first cell
   // of video memory instead of the second.
   video_memory += offset;
  79:   8b 45 f4                mov    eax,DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc]
  7c:   48 98                   cdqe   
  7e:   48 01 45 f8             add    QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],rax

   // Set character and its attributes.
   *video_memory = 'X';
  82:   48 8b 45 f8             mov    rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8]
  86:   c6 00 58                mov    BYTE PTR [rax],0x58
   video_memory++;
  89:   48 83 45 f8 01          add    QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],0x1
   *video_memory = 0x0F;
  8e:   48 8b 45 f8             mov    rax,QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8]
  92:   c6 00 0f                mov    BYTE PTR [rax],0xf
}
  95:   90                      nop
  96:   5d                      pop    rbp
  97:   c3                      ret    

我已经追踪并手工检查了我的偏移量计算的实际装配说明，它们似乎是正确的。我怀疑当我尝试将我的偏移量(类型 int)添加到我的视频内存地址(类型 unsigned char*)时出现问题，但我还是不完全确定。

此外，我尝试对偏移量的特定数字进行硬编码。使用 video_memory += 0 而不是 video_memory += offset 可以正常工作。

Answer 1

经过多方查找，我在ARM Information Center上找到了一篇文章描述使用 C 指针访问内存映射 I/O 设备的特定地址。

将我的 video_memory 指针变量声明为“volatile”可确保“编译器始终执行内存访问，而不是优化它们……”。显然，根据 this answer on Quora ，编译器可以生成指令，在数据刷新到内存之前覆盖写入缓冲区中的数据，这就是我的问题所在。

因此，将我的变量声明为 volatile unsigned char* video_memory = 0xB8000; 会产生预期的结果。