c - 在 C 程序中跟踪数组越界访问/写入的推荐方法

Question

考虑用 C 编写一些不太明显的算法的实现。例如，让它成为递归快速排序，我在 K. N. King 的“C Programming: A Modern Approach, 2nd Edition”一书中找到了它，它可以从 here 获得.最有趣的部分包括以下两个定义:

void quicksort(int a[], int low, int high)
{
    int middle;

    if (low >= high)
        return;

    middle = split(a, low, high);
    quicksort(a, low, middle - 1);
    quicksort(a, middle + 1, high);
}

int split(int a[], int low, int high)
{
    int part_element = a[low];

    for (;;) {
       while (low < high && part_element <= a[high])
           high--;
       if (low >= high)
           break;
       a[low++] = a[high];

       while (low < high && a[low] <= part_element)
           low++;
       if (low >= high)
           break;
       a[high--] = a[low];
    }

    a[high] = part_element;
    return high;
}

可以通过删除 while 测试来优化两个 low < high 循环:

for (;;) {
    while (part_element < a[high])
        high--;
    if (low >= high)
        break;
    a[low++] = a[high];
    a[high] = part_element;

    while (a[low] <= part_element)
        low++;
    if (low >= high)
        break;
    a[high--] = a[low];
    a[low] = part_element;
}

推荐的方法是什么来确保每次访问或写入数组(分配在堆栈)实际上是有效的(即不会引发未定义的行为)？我已经尝试过的是:

• 在一些实际数据上使用 gdb 手动调试
• 将源代码传递给静态分析工具，如 split 或 cppcheck
• valgrind 与 --tool=exp-sgcheck 开关

例如有五个元素数组 {8, 1, 2, 3, 4} :

#define N 5

int main(void)
{
    int a[N] = {8, 1, 2, 3, 4}, i;

    quicksort(a, 0, N - 1);

    printf("After sort:");
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++)
        printf(" %d", a[i]);
    putchar('\n');

    return 0;
}

结果是(很可能它依赖于实现):

After sort: 1 1 2 4 8

1。 GDB

(gdb) p low
$1 = 3
(gdb) p high
$2 = 4
(gdb) p a[low]
$3 = 1
(gdb) p part_element
$4 = 8
(gdb) s
47              low++;
(gdb) s
46          while (a[low] <= part_element)
(gdb) s
47              low++;
(gdb) s
46          while (a[low] <= part_element)
(gdb) p low
$5 = 5
(gdb) p high
$6 = 4
(gdb) bt full
#0  split (a=0x7fffffffe140, low=5, high=4) at qsort.c:46
        part_element = 8
#1  0x00000000004005df in quicksort (a=0x7fffffffe140, low=0, high=4) at qsort.c:30
        middle = <value optimized out>
#2  0x0000000000400656 in main () at qsort.c:14
        a = {4, 1, 2, 1, 8}
        i = <value optimized out>

如您所见，low 变量超出了边界:

(gdb) p low
$5 = 5

2。静态分析工具

$ splint -retvalint -exportlocal qsort.c 
Splint 3.1.2 --- 07 Feb 2011

Finished checking --- no warnings

$ cppcheck qsort.c 
Checking qsort.c...

3。带有 --tool=exp-sgcheck 的 Valgrind

$ valgrind --tool=exp-sgcheck ./a.out 
==5480== exp-sgcheck, a stack and global array overrun detector
==5480== NOTE: This is an Experimental-Class Valgrind Tool
==5480== Copyright (C) 2003-2012, and GNU GPL'd, by OpenWorks Ltd et al.
==5480== Using Valgrind-3.8.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==5480== Command: ./a.out
==5480== 
==5480== Invalid read of size 4
==5480==    at 0x4005A0: split (qsort.c:46)
==5480==    by 0x4005DE: quicksort (qsort.c:30)
==5480==    by 0x400655: main (qsort.c:14)
==5480==  Address 0x7ff000114 expected vs actual:
==5480==  Expected: stack array "a" of size 20 in frame 2 back from here
==5480==  Actual:   unknown
==5480==  Actual:   is 0 after Expected
==5480== 
After sort: 1 1 2 4 8
==5480== 
==5480== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

位置 at 0x4005A0: split (qsort.c:46) 与我通过 gdb 手动找到的位置匹配。

Answer 1

What is the recommended way to make sure that every access or write to array (allocated on stack) is actually valid (i.e. not provoking undefined behaviour) ?

如果在 Linux 上使用带有选项 -fsanitize=address 和 -fsanitize=undefined 的 clang 会怎么样？它也可以在 gcc 中使用:http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.8/changes.html .

---

clang 带有选项 -fsanitize=undefined

这是一个例子:

#include <stdlib.h>

#define N 5

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
  int a[N] = {8, 1, 2, 3, 4}, i;

  int r =0;
  int end = atoi(argv[1]);
  for (int i = 0; i != end; ++i)
    r += a[i];

  return r;
}

然后

clang -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fsanitize=undefined -g out_boundary.c -o out_boundary_clang

$ ./out_boundary_clang 5
$ ./out_boundary_clang 6
out_boundary.c:12:10: runtime error: index 5 out of bounds for type 'int [5]'
Illegal instruction (core dumped)

然后分析一个核心文件

Program terminated with signal 4, Illegal instruction.
#0  main (argc=2, argv=0x7fff3a1c28c8) at out_boundary.c:12
12          r += a[i];
(gdb) p i
$1 = 5

---

clang 带有选项 -fsanitize=address

这是一段话:

The tool can detect the following types of bugs:

* Out-of-bounds accesses to heap, stack and globals
* Use-after-free
* Use-after-return (to some extent)
* Double-free, invalid free
* Memory leaks (experimental)

clang -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fsanitize=address -g out_boundary.c -o out_boundary_clang

然后:

$ ./out_boundary_clang 6 2>&1 | asan_symbolize.py
=================================================================
==9634==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: stack-buffer-overflow on address 0x7fff91bb2ad4 at pc 0x459c67 bp 0x7fff91bb2910 sp 0x7fff91bb2908
READ of size 4 at 0x7fff91bb2ad4 thread T0
    #0 0x459c66 in main out_boundary.c:12
    #1 0x3a1d81ed1c in __libc_start_main ??:0
    #2 0x4594ac in _start ??:0
Address 0x7fff91bb2ad4 is located in stack of thread T0 at offset 244 in frame
    #0 0x45957f in main out_boundary.c:6
  This frame has 8 object(s):
    [32, 36) ''
    [96, 100) ''
    [160, 168) ''
    [224, 244) 'a'
    [288, 292) 'i'
    [352, 356) 'r'
    [416, 420) 'end'
    [480, 484) 'i1'
HINT: this may be a false positive if your program uses some custom stack unwind mechanism or swapcontext
      (longjmp and C++ exceptions *are* supported)
Shadow bytes around the buggy address:
  0x10007236e500: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  0x10007236e510: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  0x10007236e520: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  0x10007236e530: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 f1 f1 f1 f1
  0x10007236e540: 04 f4 f4 f4 f2 f2 f2 f2 04 f4 f4 f4 f2 f2 f2 f2
=>0x10007236e550: 00 f4 f4 f4 f2 f2 f2 f2 00 00[04]f4 f2 f2 f2 f2
  0x10007236e560: 04 f4 f4 f4 f2 f2 f2 f2 04 f4 f4 f4 f2 f2 f2 f2
  0x10007236e570: 04 f4 f4 f4 f2 f2 f2 f2 04 f4 f4 f4 f3 f3 f3 f3
  0x10007236e580: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  0x10007236e590: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  0x10007236e5a0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Shadow byte legend (one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes):
  Addressable:           00
  Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
  Heap left redzone:     fa
  Heap right redzone:    fb
  Freed heap region:     fd
  Stack left redzone:    f1
  Stack mid redzone:     f2
  Stack right redzone:   f3
  Stack partial redzone: f4
  Stack after return:    f5
  Stack use after scope: f8
  Global redzone:        f9
  Global init order:     f6
  Poisoned by user:      f7
  ASan internal:         fe
==9634==ABORTING

或者您可以同时使用这两个选项。有用的链接:

• http://clang.llvm.org/docs/UsersManual.html#controlling-code-generation
• http://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Testing/Firefox_and_Address_Sanitizer
• http://clang.llvm.org/docs/AddressSanitizer.html