git - 为什么运行 `git pull` 会删除我提交的更改？

Question

根据 git 的文档，git pull 将执行当前分支的抓取，然后运行 ​​git merge 以 merge 更改。在一位同事提交并将他的更改推送到服务器后，我去检索它们。

首先，我提交了我所做的更改:

git add src
git add war

运行 git status 确认我的更改已准备好提交。接下来，我跑了:

git commit -m "Another commit to work on scrolling"

之后，我 pull 下了更改:

git pull

这向我展示了一些警告:

remote: Counting objects: 31, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (16/16), done.
remote: Total 16 (delta 13), reused 3 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (16/16), done.
From github.com:FullCreative/Loop
 + 3f00b3f...2e09a49 master     -> master  (forced update)
Warning: fetch updated the current branch head.
Warning: fast-forwarding your working tree from
Warning: commit 3f00b3f6cb6ed6beddb16baa92f1beaa82b6944c.
Already up-to-date.

最后，我将我的更改——或者更确切地说是尝试将它们——推送到服务器:

git push

问题:

现在，为什么这会删除我的所有更改？甚至我的同事没有修改的文件也从我的工作目录中删除了。

控制台输出:

为了完整起见，下面是我终端的控制台日志。这显示了我运行的命令，以及这些命令的输出:

jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~$ cd git
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git$ l
Loop/  Loop-1-18.tar.gz
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git$ cd Loop
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop$ l
Loop/  README  readme.textile
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop$ l
Loop/  README  readme.textile
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop$ cd Loop
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ l
src/  war/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git add src
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/Globals.java
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/LoopController.java
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/LoopDao.java
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/LoopDaoJdo.java
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/LoopService.java
#   new file:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/TestLoopController.java
#
# Changes not staged for commit:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
#   (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
#
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/LoopDispatcher-servlet.xml
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/appengine-web.xml
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/applicationContext-security.xml
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/html/index.html
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/web.xml
#   modified:   war/js/loop.js
#
# Untracked files:
#   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
#
#   war/WEB-INF/admin/local-storage.html
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git add war
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
#
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/Globals.java
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/LoopController.java
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/LoopDao.java
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/LoopDaoJdo.java
#   modified:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/LoopService.java
#   new file:   src/com/fullcreative/loop/TestLoopController.java
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/LoopDispatcher-servlet.xml
#   new file:   war/WEB-INF/admin/local-storage.html
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/appengine-web.xml
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/applicationContext-security.xml
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/html/index.html
#   modified:   war/WEB-INF/web.xml
#   modified:   war/js/loop.js
#
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git commit -m "Another commit to work on scolling"
[master 3f00b3f] Another commit to work on scolling
 13 files changed, 726 insertions(+), 218 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Loop/src/com/fullcreative/loop/TestLoopController.java
 create mode 100644 Loop/war/WEB-INF/admin/local-storage.html
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git pull
remote: Counting objects: 31, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (16/16), done.
remote: Total 16 (delta 13), reused 3 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (16/16), done.
From github.com:FullCreative/Loop
 + 3f00b3f...2e09a49 master     -> master  (forced update)
Warning: fetch updated the current branch head.
Warning: fast-forwarding your working tree from
Warning: commit 3f00b3f6cb6ed6beddb16baa92f1beaa82b6944c.
Already up-to-date.
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git push
Everything up-to-date
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git history
git: 'history' is not a git command. See 'git --help'.
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git --help
usage: git [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path]
       [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
       [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]
       [-c name=value] [--help]
       <command> [<args>]

The most commonly used git commands are:
   add        Add file contents to the index
   bisect     Find by binary search the change that introduced a bug
   branch     List, create, or delete branches
   checkout   Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree
   clone      Clone a repository into a new directory
   commit     Record changes to the repository
   diff       Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc
   fetch      Download objects and refs from another repository
   grep       Print lines matching a pattern
   init       Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one
   log        Show commit logs
   merge      Join two or more development histories together
   mv         Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink
   pull       Fetch from and merge with another repository or a local branch
   push       Update remote refs along with associated objects
   rebase     Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head
   reset      Reset current HEAD to the specified state
   rm         Remove files from the working tree and from the index
   show       Show various types of objects
   status     Show the working tree status
   tag        Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG

See 'git help <command>' for more information on a specific command.
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git log
commit 2e09a498829e2b12e4bbdff8f8c39c2ce47dacb7
Author: Josh Iwata < josh@fullcreative.com>
Date:   Thu Mar 15 14:25:28 2012 -0700

    Design revamp

commit 2927f853041dab06a48861498adc945d6969865a
Author: James Mortensen <james.mortensen@a-cti.com>
Date:   Wed Mar 14 09:25:46 2012 -0700

    Removed Alert.

commit 07deceb9cb3cda6b913b2bde96970682ecdbddb7
Author: James Mortensen <james.mortensen@a-cti.com>
Date:   Wed Mar 14 09:04:12 2012 -0700

    Added url pattern to the servlet to get rid of the error.

commit f2d48bb735e5c3f1d3cb88ad80483e5596aaa063
Author: James Mortensen <james.mortensen@a-cti.com>
Date:   Tue Mar 13 15:44:28 2012 -0700

    iJames took over again!

commit 88fb39c0b37b2dfc5a13e30f212cba525e33f531
Author: David Raffauf <david@fullcreative.com>
Date:   Tue Mar 13 15:42:26 2012 -0700

    I test update

commit 5b1af15d166fc766a1a892a13865d9c5be506a6f
Author: Josh Iwata < josh@fullcreative.com>
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ git pull
Already up-to-date.
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ l
src/  war/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ cd src
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop/src$ l
cacerts.bin  com/  log4j.properties  META-INF/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop/src$ cd com
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop/src/com$ l
fullcreative/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop/src/com$ cd fullcreative/loop/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop/src/com/fullcreative/loop$ l
AbstractBaseController.java   Comment.java                    LoopController.java     PusheableResponse.java
AccountController.java        EmailService.java               LoopDao.java            samples/
Account.java                  EnvironmentService.java         LoopDaoJdo.java         security/
AccountService.java           FormManagerController.java      Loop.java               Settings.java
AuthenticatorController.java  Globals.java                    LoopService.java        TagSubscription.java
AuthenticatorService.java     GoogleCometChannelService.java  LoopServlet.java        UserDao.java
Cacheable.java                HttpRequestHandler.java         Memcached.java          UserDaoJdo.java
Card.java                     InvitationDetailsDaoJdo.java    OAuth2User.java         User.java
CardManagerController.java    InvitationDetails.java          OAuth2UserService.java
CardTemplateService.java      JSONPResponse.java              PMF.java
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop/src/com/fullcreative/loop$ cd /
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:/$ cd 
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~$ cd workspace
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace$ l
ActiveResponseWebService/          ConversionChromeApp.pem      GAE Spring Security/       LoopSVN/
Adaptiv3ChatDemo/                  ConversionChromeExtension/   GAE Spring Security Demo/  Loop.tar.gz
Adaptiv3ChatDemo-2.zip             ConversionSupportChromeApp/  gdata-samples-read-only/   ReverseProxyDemo/
Adaptiv3ChatDemo.zip               ConversionSupportLive/       LexLegal/                  rhino-for-webapps-demo/
AmazonC3Demo/                      ConversionSupportLiveNew/    LexMatter/                 SB4.0/
App-AnswerConnect/                 ConversionSupportLiveNew2/   local_db.bin               SB4.0_branch/
appengine-java-sdk-1.6.2.1/        ConversionSupportLive.zip    Loop/                      sokolove_lawfirm/
appengine-java-sdk-1.6.2.1.zip     Conversion Support- Mobile/  Loop2/                     test/
appengine-java-sdk-1.6.3.1/        ConversionSupportWebsite/    Loop-Oauth2-Demo/          Test/
appengine-java-sdk-1.6.3.1.zip     ConverstionSupportMobileV1/  LoopRepo/                  Thinclient-c3/
AppointmentSchedulingAppGAEJ/      ConverstionSupportMobileV2/  LoopRepo-1-12-2-.tar.gz    Thinclient-c3.zip
ChatClientWebservices/             datastore-indexes-auto.xml   LoopRepo1-12.tar.gz
ContactManagementSystemDataStore/  EchopassChatClient/          LoopRepo1-13.tar.gz
ConversionChromeApp0.1.1109.6.crx  FullTextSearchService/       LoopRepo.tar.gz
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace$ cd Loop
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop$ l
Loop/  README  readme.textile
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop$ cd Loop
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop$ l
src/  war/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop$ cd src
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop/src$ l
cacerts.bin  com/  log4j.properties  META-INF/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop/src$ cd com
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop/src/com$ l
fullcreative/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop/src/com$ cd fullcreative/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop/src/com/fullcreative$ l
loop/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop/src/com/fullcreative$ cd loop
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop/src/com/fullcreative/loop$ 
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop/src/com/fullcreative/loop$ l
AccountController.java        Card.java                     LoopController.java  Memcached.java          UserDao.java
Account.java                  Comment.java                  LoopDao.java         OAuth2User.java         UserDaoJdo.java
AccountService.java           EnvironmentService.java       LoopDaoJdo.java      OAuth2UserService.java  User.java
AuthenticatorController.java  HttpRequestHandler.java       Loop.java            PMF.java
AuthenticatorService.java     InvitationDetailsDaoJdo.java  LoopService.java     samples/
Cacheable.java                InvitationDetails.java        LoopServlet.java     security/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop/src/com/fullcreative/loop$ cd ../../../../
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/workspace/Loop/Loop$ cd ../../..
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~$ cd git
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git$ l
Loop/  Loop-1-18.tar.gz
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git$ cd Loop
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop$ l
Loop/  README  readme.textile
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop$ cd Loop
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ l
src/  war/
jem@jem-VPCF136FM:~/git/Loop/Loop$ 

更新:

我可以通过从哈希中 check out 来访问我的提交:

git checkout 3f00b3f6cb6ed6beddb16baa92f1beaa82b6944c

那么为什么我向服务器推送时不包含这些内容呢？

更新 #2

git reflog 的结果:

3f00b3f HEAD@{0}: checkout: moving from master to 3f00b3f6cb6ed6beddb16baa92f1beaa82b6944c
2e09a49 HEAD@{1}: checkout: moving from 3f00b3f6cb6ed6beddb16baa92f1beaa82b6944c to master
3f00b3f HEAD@{2}: checkout: moving from master to 3f00b3f6cb6ed6beddb16baa92f1beaa82b6944c
2e09a49 HEAD@{3}: pull : forced-update
3f00b3f HEAD@{4}: commit: Another commit to work on scolling
2927f85 HEAD@{5}: commit: Removed Alert.
07deceb HEAD@{6}: commit: Added url pattern to the servlet to get rid of the error.
f2d48bb HEAD@{7}: commit: iJames took over again!
88fb39c HEAD@{8}: pull : fast-forward
a22893e HEAD@{9}: commit: Committing a very important change to intro.css. Not!
ac19755 HEAD@{10}: pull : fast-forward
d2a401d HEAD@{11}: commit: This is a test
85a6328 HEAD@{12}: commit: Modified gitignore yet again.
251f557 HEAD@{13}: commit: Committing the classpath. Hope it works.
4e7a428 HEAD@{14}: checkout: moving from local_master to master
97aa2d7 HEAD@{15}: checkout: moving from master to local_master
4e7a428 HEAD@{16}: commit: Added Admin panel for making system changes. Modified the title and description so they go into edit 
38dc2fa HEAD@{17}: commit: Added notifications and real time comet.
bc2f950 HEAD@{18}: commit: Real time updates and chrome notifications.
bc2f950 HEAD@{19}: commit: Adding TagSubscription class.
5e696f4 HEAD@{20}: commit: Bulk delete, fixed delete bug, tagging features and subscriptions. Added more server-side caching. Ad
7b41cc2 HEAD@{21}: commit: adding dropdown plugin files
d9e3716 HEAD@{22}: commit: Added filter list to top, made dynamic, and deployed to 2-20.
e256d21 HEAD@{23}: commit: Cleaned up the HTML code.
d9e3716 HEAD@{24}: commit: Third time is a charm.
3e0863f HEAD@{25}: commit: Here is the 2nd commit for tag-it.
13e70c8 HEAD@{26}: commit: Added the tag-it tags to the application and connected to the database.
0893615 HEAD@{27}: commit: Deployed 2-7 and made default version.
0073e04 HEAD@{28}: commit: Deployed to 2-7 and made the default version.  Finalized mobile form, although the error class shadow
0073e04 HEAD@{29}: commit: test
4351a93 HEAD@{30}: commit: Added notifications for comments and cleaned up mobile form.
5674cfb HEAD@{31}: commit: Added Developer API call to switch users for @loopround.com users.
a22808f HEAD@{32}: commit: updating
8fa1a39 HEAD@{33}: commit: updating the repository
8fa1a39 HEAD@{34}: commit: Deployed to http://0-9-2012-1-27.loopaback.appspot.com/
4786be1 HEAD@{35}: commit: Updating the inbox counts on each loop on page load. Also changed the style of the inbox count on the
33bf8d5 HEAD@{36}: commit: Adding elastic JS library.
095d8e6 HEAD@{37}: commit: Hooked up inbox counts and colors on the loops.
d3275ef HEAD@{38}: commit: committing.
a66024c HEAD@{39}: commit: Put in place email notifications for sharing. Put in place more logging statements to catch errors. F
a66024c HEAD@{40}: commit: Fixed sharing settings and cleaned up some of the code. Fixed the invitation system and also added so
e87ca75 HEAD@{41}: commit: Fixed sharing settings and cleaned up some of the code. Fixed the invitation system and also added so
e87ca75 HEAD@{42}: commit: Got rid of login form and also integrated Loop feedback form.
b2d7da9 HEAD@{43}: commit: Eliminated the login page and also integrated the Feedback Loop Form.
b2d7da9 HEAD@{44}: commit: Added the Loop Form.
e7ea0eb HEAD@{45}: commit: Added the Loop Form to the Loop Application and connected it to the services.
e7ea0eb HEAD@{46}: commit: Trying to get all the files for the settings page in the repo.
97aa2d7 HEAD@{47}: commit: test
36d4841 HEAD@{48}: commit: Got the settings page in place so users can be added and removed.
cf83cbd HEAD@{49}: commit: Committing this file because I want it to accept changes, not have the repository just simply force m
e7ccb2d HEAD@{50}: commit: Merged Josh's changes, I hope!
90ee5a5 HEAD@{51}: commit: Merged Josh's changes. Why I have to do this manually, I don't know?
3fc14b4 HEAD@{52}: commit: Service giving ability to send email to a user.
2ce4a6c HEAD@{53}: commit: Worked on the UI for adding a user to a Loop. Also fixed the display so it shows all active users ass
21caa9b HEAD@{54}: commit: Updated the application-manifest.xml file with the new LoopRound name and latest version info.
4330694 HEAD@{55}: commit: Deployed to http://0-9-2012-1-12-1715.loopaback.appspot.com/# and made the default version. Added in 
adde3cd HEAD@{56}: commit: Can now add new loops from the Loop screen. To rename the loop or access it's settings page; currentl
6902710 HEAD@{57}: commit: Settings page is functional to edit the loop name.
6980c79 HEAD@{58}: merge branch 'master' of git@github.com:FullCreative/Loop.git: Fast-forward
e364173 HEAD@{59}: commit: Added Josh's CSS to style.css. 2nd attempt.
0e464f1 HEAD@{60}:

.git/config 文件

[core]
    repositoryformatversion = 0
    filemode = true
    logallrefupdates = true
    autocrlf = false
[remote "origin"]
    url = git@github.com:FullCreative/Loop.git
    fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/heads/*
    push = refs/heads/*:refs/heads/*
[branch "master"]
    remote = origin
    merge = refs/heads/master

Answer 1

以下几行看起来很可疑:

From github.com:FullCreative/Loop
 + 3f00b3f...2e09a49 master     -> master  (forced update)
Warning: fetch updated the current branch head.
Warning: fast-forwarding your working tree from
Warning: commit 3f00b3f6cb6ed6beddb16baa92f1beaa82b6944c.

特别是，如果配置正确，该行应指示 master -> origin/master ，或者您的 Remote 的任何名称。相反，它显示为 master -> master .这表明 master远程分支正在直接写入 master在您本地的仓库中分支；这意味着您丢失了对提交的引用(尽管正如您注意到的那样，它仍在您的 repo 协议(protocol)中，只是没有被任何引用)。这就是 git 打印“警告:获取更新了当前分支头”的原因。

检查您的 .git/config .它应该包含如下内容:

[remote "origin"]
        url = <some url>
        fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*

但是，根据您得到的错误，它可能包含如下内容:

[remote "origin"]
        url = <some url>
        fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/heads/*

这告诉 git 在获取时，它应该将远程分支的值直接写入本地分支。通常，在上面的正确配置中，当您获取远程引用时，它会写入 refs/remotes/<remote>/<name>。 .这允许您跟踪上游提交和本地提交，以便您可以 merge 它们。在不正确的配置中，您只是简单地覆盖了您的本地引用，而忘记了您原来在那里的内容。

我不确定你是怎么设置成这样的；也许你做了类似 git clone --mirror 的事情或 git remote add --mirror=fetch .无论如何，您可以手动编辑您的 .git/config文件，并更正 fetch行如上所示。