python - 如何在 python 中对工厂进行单元测试？

Question

当进行单元测试时，class one 应该只针对其协作者的公共(public)接口(interface)进行测试。在大多数情况下，这很容易实现，用假对象 - Mocks 替换协作者。如果正确使用依赖注入(inject)，大多数情况下这应该很容易。

但是，当尝试测试工厂类时，事情会变得复杂。让我们看例子

模块 wheel

class Wheel:
    """Cars wheel"""

     def __init__(self, radius):
         """Create wheel with given radius"""

         self._radius = radius #This is private property

模块 engine

 class Engine:
     """Cars engine"""

     def __init(self, power):
     """Create engine with power in kWh"""

         self._power = power #This is private property

模块 car

class Car:
    """Car with four wheels and one engine"""

    def __init__(self, engine, wheels):
        """Create car with given engine and list of wheels"""

        self._engine = engine
        self._wheels = wheels

现在让我们有CarFactory

from wheel import Wheel
from engine import Engine
from car import Car

class CarFactory:
    """Factory that creates wheels, engine and put them into car"""

    def create_car():
        """Creates new car"""

        wheels = [Wheel(50), Wheel(50), Wheel(60), Wheel(60)]
        engine = Engine(500)
        return Car(engine, wheels)

现在我想为 CarFactory 编写单元测试.我想测试一下，工厂是否正确地创建了对象。但是，我不应该测试对象的私有(private)属性，因为它们将来可能会被更改，这会破坏我的测试。想象一下，Wheel._radius替换为 Wheel._diameter或 Engine._power替换为 Engine._horsepower .

那么如何测试工厂呢？

Answer 1

幸运的是，由于 monkey_patching，在 Python 中测试工厂很容易。您不仅可以替换对象的实例，还可以替换整个类。让我们看例子

import unittest
import carfactory
from mock import Mock

def constructorMock(name):
    """Create fake constructor that returns Mock object when invoked"""
    instance = Mock()
    instance._name_of_parent_class = name
    constructor = Mock(return_value=instance)
    return constructor

class CarFactoryTest(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp():
        """Replace classes Wheel, Engine and Car with mock objects"""

        carfactory.Wheel = constructorMock("Wheel")
        carfactory.Engine = constructorMock("Engine")
        carfactory.Car = constructorMock("Car")

    def test_factory_creates_car():
        """Create car and check it has correct properties"""

        factory = carfactory.CarFactory()
        car_created = factory.create_car()

        # Check the wheels are created with correct radii
        carfactory.Wheel.assert_called_with(radius=50)
        carfactory.Wheel.assert_called_with(radius=50)
        carfactory.Wheel.assert_called_with(radius=60)
        carfactory.Wheel.assert_called_with(radius=60)

        # Check the engine is created with correct power
        carfactory.Engine.assert_called_once_with(power=500)

        # Check the car is created with correct engine and wheels
        wheel = carfactory.Wheel.return_value
        engine = carfactory.Engine.return_value
        carfactory.Car.assert_called_once_with(engine, [wheel, wheel, wheel, wheel])

        # Check the returned value is the car created
        self.assertEqual(car_created._name_of_parent_class, "Car")

所以我们用 Mock 替换类及其构造函数，它返回我们的假实例。这使我们能够检查，构造函数是使用正确的参数调用的，因此我们不需要依赖真实的类。我们真的可以在 python 中不仅使用假实例，还可以使用假类。

此外，我不得不提一下，上面的代码并不理想。例如，假的构造函数应该为每个请求真正创建新的 Mock，这样我们就可以检查汽车是否用正确的轮子调用(例如正确的顺序)。这可以做到，但代码会更长，我希望示例尽可能简单。

在示例中，我使用了 python 的 Mock 库 http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/

但这不是必须的。