Python turtle 图章在 turtle 形状的图像处理后神秘消失

Question

方向:

我创建了以下函数以允许用户将 turtle 更改为他/她选择的图像，然后随时将其标记到 Canvas 上:

def TurtleShape():
    try:
        # Tkinter buttons related to turtle manipulation
        manipulateimage.config(state = NORMAL)
        flipButton.config(state = NORMAL)
        mirrorButton.config(state = NORMAL)
        originalButton.config(state = NORMAL)
        resetturtle.config(state = NORMAL)
        rotateButton.config(state = NORMAL)
        # Ask user for file name from tkinter file dialog, and return file name as `klob`
        global klob
        klob = filedialog.askopenfilename()
        global im
        # Open `klob` and return as `im`
        im = Image.open(klob)
        # Append `im` to pictures deque
        pictures.append(im)
        # Clear `edited` deque
        edited.clear()
        # Save `im` as an image, then register image as shape, and finally set image as turtle shape
        im.save(klob + '.gif', "GIF")
        register_shape(klob + '.gif')
        shape(klob + '.gif')
        update()
    except:
        # If user selects cancel in file dialog, then pass
        pass

def StampPic():
    stamp()
    draw_space() # Go forward 100 pixels with pen up after every stamp
    update()

还可以通过以下其他功能根据用户的选择操作图像:

调整大小功能 – 此功能可以作为第一或次要功能。第一个意思是它最初被调用，第二个意思是它编辑一个已经编辑过的图像。因此，如果仅首先调用，此函数将获取附加到 pictures 的图像。 deque，调整大小，并将编辑后的图像输出为 .gif图像，这将是 turtle 的新形状。但是，如果连续调用两次或更多次，由于多次调整同一图片的大小会导致图像失真的问题，我不得不创建另一个双端队列 jiop它保存了 pictures 中的原始项目deque，每当此函数被连续调用一次以上时，每次都会调整原始图像的大小，而不是每次都调整相同的图像。但是，如果仅作为辅助函数调用，则该函数将简单地从 edited 中获取当前图像。 deque，调整该图像的大小，然后将其设置为 turtle 的新形状:

def TurtleImageResize():
    if not hasattr(TurtleImageResize, "counter"):
        TurtleImageResize.counter = 0
    TurtleImageResize.counter += 1
    # width = original size of image
    width = im.size[0]
    # height = original height of image
    height = im.size[1]
    # Allow user to enter new width for image
    NewOne2 = numinput('Width of Image', 'Set the width of the image: ', minval = 1)
    # Allow user to enter new height for image
    NewOne = numinput('Height of Image', 'Set the height of your image: ', minval = 1)
    # Set width to user input if user input is NOT nothing. Otherwise, use `width` as picture width.
    Picwidth = NewOne2 if NewOne2 != None else width
    # Set height to user input if user input is NOT None. Otherwise, use `height` as picture height.
    Picheight = NewOne if NewOne != None else height
    try:
        # Secondary Step: Take ORIGINAL image appended to `jiop` (from `except:` code block succeeding `try:` code block) and resize THAT image each time this function is called twice in a row. Otherwise, if ONLY called as a secondary step, take previously edited image from `edited` deque, resize that, and append newly edited image to the `edited` deque.
        try:
            # `jiop` is a deque
            hye = jiop.pop()
            jiop.append(hye)
            print("Jiop")
        except:
            hye = edited.pop()
            jiop.append(hye)
            print("Edited")
        # Resize Image to Picwidth and Picheight
        editpic = hye.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
        edited.append(editpic) 
        print("Hooplah!")
    except:
        # Intial step: Take image appended to `pictures` deque from `TurtleShape` function, then edit that and append newly edited image to both `editpic` and `pictures`
        geer = pictures.pop()
        # Resize Image to Picwidth and Picheight
        editpic = geer.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
        jiop.append(geer)
        edited.append(editpic)
        pictures.append(editpic)
        print("Normal")
    # Save image as `.gif`
    editpic.save(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif', 'GIF')
    # Register image as a shape, and use it as shape of turtle
    register_shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
    shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
    update()

翻转、旋转和镜像功能 - 这些工作比上面的调整大小功能更简单。如果最初被调用，他们每个人都会从 pictures 中获取图像。 deque，操作它，将编辑后的图像附加到 edited deque，然后将 turtle “形状”更改为该新图像。但是，如果调用第二个，他们每个人都会从 edited 中获取图像。 deque，操纵它，将操纵的图像重新附加回 edited deque，然后将其设置为 turtle 的新“形状”。这些功能如下所示:

def flippic():
    if not hasattr(flippic, "counter"):
        flippic.counter = 0
    flippic.counter += 1
    try:
        # Secondary step: Take previously edited image from `edited` deque, manipulate that, and append newly edited image to the `edited` deque
        jiop.clear()
        ghy = edited.pop()
        # Flip image over horizontal line
        kpl = ImageOps.flip(ghy)
        edited.append(kpl)
        print("Jlop")
    except:
        # Initial step: Take image appended to `pictures` deque from `TurtleShape` function, then edit that and append newly edited image to both `editpic` and `pictures`
        neer = pictures.pop()
        # Flip image over horizontal line
        kpl = ImageOps.flip(neer)
        pictures.append(kpl)
        edited.append(kpl)
        print("Yup")
    # Save image as `.gif`
    kpl.save(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif', "GIF")
    # Register image as a shape, and use it as shape of turtle
    register_shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
    shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
    update()

def mirror():
    if not hasattr(mirror, "counter"):
        mirror.counter = 0
    mirror.counter += 1
    try:
        jiop.clear()
        jui = edited.pop()
        # Flip image over vertical line
        fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(jui)
        edited.append(fgrt)
    except:
        bbc = pictures.pop()
        # Flip image over vertical line
        fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(bbc)
        pictures.append(fgrt)
        edited.append(fgrt)
    fgrt.save(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
    register_shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
    shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
    update()

def rotatePic():
    if not hasattr(rotatePic, "counter"):
        rotatePic.counter = 0
    rotatePic.counter += 1
    try:
        jiop.clear()
        lmcb = edited.pop()
        # Rotate image 90º right
        fetch = lmcb.rotate(-90, expand = True)
        edited.append(fetch)
    except:
        bolt = pictures.pop()
        # Rotate image 90º right
        fetch = bolt.rotate(-90, expand = True)
        pictures.append(fetch)
        edited.append(fetch)
    fetch.save(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
    register_shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
    shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
    update()

这样，所有的编辑功能都可以在本质上相同的基本图像上协同工作。

问题:

现在，考虑用户想要获取 turtle 图像，然后将其调整为大小，例如 800x400，并将其标记到 Canvas 上的特定位置。之后，用户决定将 turtle 图像移动到 Canvas 上的另一个位置，翻转图像，然后在那里标记图像。现在应该有两个图像吧​​？一个盖章，另一个翻转？但是，在我的程序中，出于某种原因， 事实并非如此 .相反，盖章图像 消失 用户翻转 turtle 图像的那一刻，即使没有 clear()任何地方都可以找到的函数(为了向您展示我的意思，请参阅下面的 编辑 )。 显然这个问题只发生在 TurtleImageResize 之后函数被调用。

我的 TurtleImageResize 出了什么问题导致此问题的功能？ 我已经将 turtle 形状的图像管理过程完全修改为现在的样子，希望它能解决我在之前的设置中也遇到的这个问题，但显然，情况仍然并非如此。因此，非常感谢对此问题的任何帮助!

编辑:下面是一个 最小、完整且可验证 重现我遇到的问题的方法 (必须安装 PIL(或 Pillow)和 GhostScript 才能使其正常工作) :

import os,shutil,subprocess, sys
her = sys.platform
if her == "win32":
    print("Windows is your Operating System")
    win_gs = ["gs","gswin32c","gswin64c"]
    if all( shutil.which(gs_version) is None for gs_version in win_gs ):
        paths = ["C:\\Program Files\\gs\\gs9.18\\bin","C:\\Program Files (x86)\\gs\\gs9.18\\bin"]
        for path in (x for x in paths if os.path.exists(x)):
            os.environ["PATH"] += ";" + path
            break
        if any( shutil.which(gs_version) for gs_version in win_gs ):
            print("GhostScript 9.18 for Windows found and utilized")
        else:
            print("You do not have GhostScript 9.18 installed for Windows. Please install it.")
            sys.exit(0)
    else:
        print("GhostScript 9.18 for Windows found and utilized")
elif her == 'darwin':
    print("Macintosh is your Operating System")
    if shutil.which("gs") is None:
        os.environ["PATH"] += ":/usr/local/bin"
        if shutil.which("gs") is None:
            print("You do not have GhostScript installed for Macintosh. Please install it.")
            sys.exit(0)
        else:
            print("GhostScript for Macintosh found and utilized")

from turtle import *
from tkinter import *
try:
    import tkinter.filedialog as filedialog
except ImportError:
    pass
import collections
from PIL import Image, ImageEnhance, ImageOps


jiop = collections.deque()
pictures = collections.deque()
edited = collections.deque()
picwidth = collections.deque()
picheight = collections.deque()

def draw_space():
    # Draw a space 200 pixels wide.
    penup()
    forward(200)
    pendown()

def TurtleShape():
   try:
       manipulateimage.config(state = NORMAL)
       flipButton.config(state = NORMAL)
       mirrorButton.config(state = NORMAL)
       rotateButton.config(state = NORMAL)
       global klob
       klob = filedialog.askopenfilename()
       global im
       im = Image.open(klob)
       pictures.append(im)
       edited.clear()
       im.save(klob + '.gif', "GIF")
       register_shape(klob + '.gif')
       shape(klob + '.gif')
       update()
   except AttributeError:
       pass

def TurtleImageResize():
    if not hasattr(TurtleImageResize, "counter"):
        TurtleImageResize.counter = 0
    TurtleImageResize.counter += 1
    width = im.size[0]
    height = im.size[1]
    NewOne2 = numinput('Width of Image', 'Set the width of the image: ', minval = 1)
    NewOne = numinput('Height of Image', 'Set the height of your image: ', minval = 1)
    Picwidth = NewOne2 if NewOne2 != None else width
    picwidth.append(Picwidth)
    Picheight = NewOne if NewOne != None else height
    picheight.append(Picheight)
    try:
        try:
            hye = jiop.pop()
            jiop.append(hye)
        except:
            hye = edited.pop()
            jiop.append(hye)
        editpic = hye.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
        edited.append(editpic)
        pictures.append(editpic)
    except:
        geer = pictures.pop()
        editpic = geer.resize((int(Picwidth), int(Picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
        jiop.append(geer)
        edited.append(editpic)
        pictures.append(editpic)
    editpic.save(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif', 'GIF')
    register_shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
    shape(klob + str(TurtleImageResize.counter) + '.gif')
    update()

def flippic():
    if not hasattr(flippic, "counter"):
        flippic.counter = 0
    flippic.counter += 1
    try:
        jiop.clear()
        ghy = edited.pop()
        kpl = ImageOps.flip(ghy)
        edited.append(kpl)
        pictures.append(kpl)
        print("Jlop")
    except:
        neer = pictures.pop()
        kpl = ImageOps.flip(neer)
        pictures.append(kpl)
        edited.append(kpl)
        print("Yup")
    kpl.save(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif', "GIF")
    register_shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
    shape(klob + str(flippic.counter) + '.gif')
    update()

def mirror():
    if not hasattr(mirror, "counter"):
        mirror.counter = 0
    mirror.counter += 1
    try:
        jiop.clear()
        jui = edited.pop()
        fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(jui)
        edited.append(fgrt)
        pictures.append(fgrt)
    except:
        bbc = pictures.pop()
        fgrt = ImageOps.mirror(bbc)
        pictures.append(fgrt)
        edited.append(fgrt)
    fgrt.save(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
    register_shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
    shape(klob + str(mirror.counter) + ".gif")
    update()

def rotatePic():
    if not hasattr(rotatePic, "counter"):
        rotatePic.counter = 0
    rotatePic.counter += 1
    try:
        jiop.clear()
        lmcb = edited.pop()
        fetch = lmcb.rotate(-90, expand = True)
        edited.append(fetch)
        pictures.append(fetch)
    except:
        bolt = pictures.pop()
        fetch = bolt.rotate(-90, expand = True)
        pictures.append(fetch)
        edited.append(fetch)
    fetch.save(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
    register_shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
    shape(klob + str(rotatePic.counter) + ".gif")
    update()

def StampPic():
   stamp()
   draw_space()
   update()

def move_turtle():
    # Pick up the turtle and move it to its starting location.
    penup()
    goto(-200, 100)
    pendown()

def settings():
    #  Tkinter buttons
    turtlepic = Button(text = "Set Turtle Image", command = TurtleShape)
    turtlepic.pack(side = 'left')

    stampimage = Button(text = "Stamp", command = StampPic)
    stampimage.pack(side = 'left')

    global manipulateimage
    manipulateimage = Button(text = "Resize Turtle Image", command = TurtleImageResize, state = DISABLED)
    manipulateimage.pack(side = 'left')

    global flipButton
    flipButton = Button(text = "Flip image", command = flippic, state = DISABLED)
    flipButton.pack(side = 'left')

    global mirrorButton
    mirrorButton = Button(text = "Mirror Image", command = mirror, state = DISABLED)
    mirrorButton.pack(side = 'left')

    global rotateButton
    rotateButton = Button(text = "Rotate Image", command = rotatePic, state = DISABLED)
    rotateButton.pack(side = 'left')

def skip(x, y):
    penup()
    goto(x, y)
    pendown()
    update()

move_turtle()
settings()
speed(0)
tracer(0, 0)
onscreenclick(skip)

if sys.platform == 'win32':
   input()
else:
   pass

当/如果您同时拥有 GhostScript和 PIL(或 Pillow)安装在您的系统上，要重现我的问题，请执行以下操作(所有步骤 需要 除第 4 步外):

点击 Set Turtle Image窗口底部的按钮，选择您想要 turtle 的任何图像，然后按 Open . turtle 被设置为该图像。

按 Resize turtle Image 将图像调整为 800x400(或您想要的任何其他尺寸)屏幕底部的按钮。将连续弹出两个对话框。在第一个对话框中输入800的宽度(或您自己的宽度)，然后在第二个对话框中输入400的高度(或您自己的高度)，完成后，图像将根据提供的尺寸改变大小(或根据您是否按下取消将图像设置回原始尺寸)。

选择 Stamp窗口底部的按钮。图像被标记到 Canvas 上， turtle 在标记图像“后面”向前移动 400 像素。

可选:单击 Canvas 上的任意位置将 turtle 带到该位置。

翻转/镜像/旋转图像。

正如您所看到的，在完成所有这些操作后，就像您翻转/镜像/旋转图像一样，被标记的图像就会消失。 我的 TurtleImageResize 出了什么问题导致这种情况发生的功能？

编辑＃2:以防万一这些信息有用，我正在 Macintosh 上运行 Python 3.5.1，操作系统版本为 10.11.2 (El Capitan)。

Answer 1

问题似乎在于，通过为不同功能设置单独的计数器，您会覆盖先前操作创建的文件。假设您有一张名为 test.gif 的图片并应用翻转变换。结果将保存为 test.gif1.gif .如果您现在应用旋转变换，旋转后的图片也会保存为 test.gif1.gif ，覆盖现有文件，之前的图片消失。

因此，修复此错误的一种方法是对所有图片使用一个计数器，而不是每个功能一个计数器，例如使用 itertools.count或者只是一个 int .这也会使您的代码更短一些。

但是，还有几个问题我想指出:

你有相当多的代码重复，特别是在你不同的转换函数中；您可以重构它们以将实际转换作为函数参数

不要做except:一样多，少得多except: pass ;这样你就永远不会知道发生了什么，以防万一出现问题

此外，恕我直言，异常应该仅用于异常行为，而您将它们用于正常行为，例如当列表仍然为空时

我真的不明白所有这些有什么不同 queue s 是为了；如果您将所有图片放入一个队列，或者根本没有队列(只需将它们保存在磁盘上)，代码也能正常工作；但也许你需要那些不属于你的示例代码的东西

这是我的代码版本:

import turtle
import tkinter
import tkinter.filedialog as filedialog
import itertools
from PIL import Image, ImageEnhance, ImageOps

count = itertools.count()
img = None

def turtleShape():
   global img
   klob = filedialog.askopenfilename()
   img = Image.open(klob)
   saveAndUpdate(img)

def turtleImageResize():
    def resize(img):
        picwidth = turtle.numinput('Width of Image', 'Set the width of the image: ', minval=1) or img.size[0]
        picheight = turtle.numinput('Height of Image', 'Set the height of your image: ', minval=1) or img.size[1]
        return img.resize((int(picwidth), int(picheight)), Image.ANTIALIAS)
    manipulate(resize)

def manipulate(function):
    global img
    if img:
        img = function(img)
        saveAndUpdate(img)
    else:
        print("No picture selected")

def flippic():
    manipulate(ImageOps.flip)

def mirror():
    manipulate(ImageOps.mirror)

def rotatePic():
    manipulate(lambda img: img.rotate(-90, expand=True))

def saveAndUpdate(img):
    name = "pic_" + str(next(count)) + ".gif"
    img.save(name, 'GIF')
    turtle.register_shape(name)
    turtle.shape(name)
    turtle.update()

def stampPic():
    turtle.stamp()
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.forward(200)
    turtle.pendown()

def settings():
    tkinter.Button(text="Set Turtle Image", command=turtleShape).pack(side='left')
    tkinter.Button(text="Stamp", command=stampPic).pack(side = 'left')
    tkinter.Button(text="Resize Turtle Image", command=turtleImageResize).pack(side='left')
    tkinter.Button(text="Flip image", command=flippic).pack(side='left')
    tkinter.Button(text="Mirror Image", command=mirror).pack(side='left')
    tkinter.Button(text="Rotate Image", command=rotatePic).pack(side='left')

def skip(x, y):
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.goto(x, y)
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.update()

skip(-200, 100)
settings()
turtle.speed(0)
turtle.tracer(0, 0)
turtle.onscreenclick(skip)
turtle.mainloop()