Python:无法连接到 HTTPS URL，因为 SSL 模块不可用

Question

我正在尝试连接到 Stripe 以设置付款。我让它在我的开发机器上工作，但是当我推送到产品时，我收到以下 SSL 错误:

无法连接到 HTTPS URL，因为 SSL 模块不可用。

以下是我的设置的详细信息:

• Ubuntu 16.04
• Apache 2
• mod_wsgi
• python 3.6
• Django 1.11
• Python/django 进程都安装并运行在名为“protectyourreviews”的 anaconda (miniconda) 虚拟环境中

我已经阅读了多个建议重新安装 python 的其他 SO 答案，但要确保首先安装依赖项。在内部安装和 anaconda 环境应该不是问题吗？ anaconda 不应该为我处理所有依赖项吗？

我启用了 HTTPS 并为整个域工作(所有请求都路由到 https)。当我检查我的安装时，我确实有 openssl，当我在我的 django 环境中打开一个 shell 时，我可以毫无问题地导入和使用该模块......所以我不确定如何继续解决这个问题。

非常感谢任何帮助!

---

另外，这是一个堆栈跟踪:

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py" in urlopen
  589.             conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py" in _get_conn
  251.         return conn or self._new_conn()

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py" in _new_conn
  827.             raise SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL "

During handling of the above exception (Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.), another exception occurred:

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/adapters.py" in send
  440.                     timeout=timeout

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py" in urlopen
  639.                                         _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2])

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py" in increment
  388.             raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))

During handling of the above exception (HTTPSConnectionPool(host='api.stripe.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /v1/customers (Caused by SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",))), another exception occurred:

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/stripe/http_client.py" in request
  121.                                                **kwargs)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/sessions.py" in request
  508.         resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/sessions.py" in send
  618.         r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/requests/adapters.py" in send
  506.                 raise SSLError(e, request=request)

During handling of the above exception (HTTPSConnectionPool(host='api.stripe.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /v1/customers (Caused by SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",))), another exception occurred:

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/core/handlers/exception.py" in inner
  41.             response = get_response(request)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in _get_response
  187.                 response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/core/handlers/base.py" in _get_response
  185.                 response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/views/decorators/csrf.py" in wrapped_view
  58.         return view_func(*args, **kwargs)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/contrib/auth/decorators.py" in _wrapped_view
  23.                 return view_func(request, *args, **kwargs)

File "/home/user/protectyourreviews/protectyourreviews/../payments/views.py" in stripe_test
  35.                 source=token

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/stripe/resource.py" in create
  467.         response, api_key = requestor.request('post', url, params, headers)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/stripe/api_requestor.py" in request
  150.             method.lower(), url, params, headers)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/stripe/api_requestor.py" in request_raw
  335.             method, abs_url, headers, post_data)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/stripe/http_client.py" in request
  139.             self._handle_request_error(e)

File "/home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews/lib/python3.6/site-packages/stripe/http_client.py" in _handle_request_error
  159.         raise error.APIConnectionError(msg)

Exception Type: APIConnectionError at /payments/test/stripe/
Exception Value: Unexpected error communicating with Stripe.  If this problem persists,
let us know at support@stripe.com.

(Network error: SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='api.stripe.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /v1/customers (Caused by SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",)))

---

编辑

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在新的 python virtualenv 中重新安装 mod_wsgi 后，它仍在尝试打开旧的 anaconda 路径。我已经更改了 WSGIDaemonProcess 中的 python-home 和 python-path 指令，但无论我尝试什么，它仍在尝试从 miniconda3 目录(我已删除)打开 python。

这是来自 Apache 错误日志的跟踪:

Current thread 0x00007f99f6769780 (most recent call first):
[Mon Aug 28 20:13:15.264466 2017] [core:notice] [pid 26528] AH00051: child pid 26775 exit signal Aborted (6), possible coredump in /etc/apache2
[Mon Aug 28 20:13:15.264608 2017] [core:notice] [pid 26528] AH00051: child pid 26776 exit signal Aborted (6), possible coredump in /etc/apache2
[Mon Aug 28 20:13:16.340556 2017] [wsgi:info] [pid 26789] mod_wsgi (pid=26789): Python home /home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews.
[Mon Aug 28 20:13:16.341203 2017] [wsgi:warn] [pid 26789] (2)No such file or directory: mod_wsgi (pid=26789): Unable to stat Python home /home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews. Python interpreter may not be a$
[Mon Aug 28 20:13:16.341357 2017] [wsgi:info] [pid 26789] mod_wsgi (pid=26789): Initializing Python.
Fatal Python error: Py_Initialize: Unable to get the locale encoding
ImportError: No module named 'encodings'

---

编辑2

---

是的，我确实是从一个干净的源目录开始的。我将 mod_wsgi tar 文件复制到新目录并在新目录中运行 configure/make/make install。我相信我在新安装之前也删除了 apache 模块文件以防万一。

我已经尝试了以下指令的多次迭代(两者/仅 python-home/仅 python-path)但无论我尝试什么，我都无法弄清楚为什么 mod_wsgi 一直在已删除的 miniconda3 文件夹中查找。是否还有其他一些我忘记的配置文件？

这是我的 wsgi.load:

LoadModule wsgi_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_wsgi.so

这是我的 Apache2 指令(其中 pyr_env 是我新的 Python virtualenv 文件夹):

WSGIDaemonProcess protectyourreviews python-home=/home/user/pyr_env/ python-path=/home/user/protectyourreviews
WSGIProcessGroup protectyourreviews

WSGIScriptAlias / /home/user/protectyourreviews/zz_test/test.wsgi
<Directory /home/user/protectyourreviews/zz_test>
        <Files test.wsgi>
                Require all granted
        </Files>
</Directory>

---

编辑3

---

我按照您建议的说明进行了操作 in the docs , 输出如下。

这是 ldd 的输出:

$ ldd /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_wsgi.so
        linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fffad973000)
        libpython3.5m.so.1.0 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython3.5m.so.1.0 (0x00007f05b8c02000)
        libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f05b89e5000)
        libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f05b861a000)
        libexpat.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libexpat.so.1 (0x00007f05b83f1000)
        libz.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1 (0x00007f05b81d7000)
        libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f05b7fd2000)
        libutil.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libutil.so.1 (0x00007f05b7dcf000)
        libm.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 (0x00007f05b7ac6000)
        /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000558bed982000)

这是取消设置 LD_LIBRARY_PATH 后的输出:

$ unset LD_LIBRARY_PATH
$ ldd /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_wsgi.so
        linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffd91bd2000)
        libpython3.5m.so.1.0 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython3.5m.so.1.0 (0x00007f8bec8a6000)
        libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f8bec689000)
        libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f8bec2be000)
        libexpat.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libexpat.so.1 (0x00007f8bec095000)
        libz.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1 (0x00007f8bebe7b000)
        libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f8bebc76000)
        libutil.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libutil.so.1 (0x00007f8beba73000)
        libm.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 (0x00007f8beb76a000)
        /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x000055e8861a5000)

---

编辑4

我确保在虚拟环境文件夹上正确设置了权限，并再次重新编译以绝对确保我拥有正确的版本。以下是该过程的所有输入和输出:

#----CHANGE PERMISSIONS OF VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT
$ sudo chgrp -R www-data /home/user/pyr_env/
$ sudo chmod -R g+rwx /home/user/pyr_env/

#----DELETE OLD FOLDER
$ rm -r mod_wsgi-4.5.17/

#----START FRESH WITH CONFIG/MAKE/INSTALL
$ tar xvfz 4.5.17.tar.gz
$ cd mod_wsgi-4.5.17/
$ ./configure --with-python=/usr/bin/python3
$ make
$ sudo make install
    /usr/bin/apxs2 -i -S LIBEXECDIR=/usr/lib/apache2/modules -n 'mod_wsgi' src/server/mod_wsgi.la
    /usr/share/apache2/build/instdso.sh SH_LIBTOOL='/usr/share/apr-1.0/build/libtool' src/server/mod_wsgi.la /usr/lib/apache2/modules
    /usr/share/apr-1.0/build/libtool --mode=install install src/server/mod_wsgi.la /usr/lib/apache2/modules/
    libtool: install: install src/server/.libs/mod_wsgi.so /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_wsgi.so
    libtool: install: install src/server/.libs/mod_wsgi.lai /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_wsgi.la
    libtool: finish: PATH="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin:/sbin" ldconfig -n /usr/lib/apache2/modules
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Libraries have been installed in:
       /usr/lib/apache2/modules

    If you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries
    in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and
    specify the full pathname of the library, or use the `-LLIBDIR'
    flag during linking and do at least one of the following:
       - add LIBDIR to the `LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable
         during execution
       - add LIBDIR to the `LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable
         during linking
       - use the `-Wl,-rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag
       - have your system administrator add LIBDIR to `/etc/ld.so.conf'

    See any operating system documentation about shared libraries for
    more information, such as the ld(1) and ld.so(8) manual pages.
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    chmod 644 /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_wsgi.so

#----OUTPUT OF LDD
$ ldd /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_wsgi.so
        linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007ffcfb9a9000)
        libpython3.5m.so.1.0 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython3.5m.so.1.0 (0x00007f19ae26f000)
        libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f19ae052000)
        libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f19adc87000)
        libexpat.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libexpat.so.1 (0x00007f19ada5e000)
        libz.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1 (0x00007f19ad844000)
        libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f19ad63f000)
        libutil.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libutil.so.1 (0x00007f19ad43c000)
        libm.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 (0x00007f19ad133000)
        /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x000055aa1cb7a000)

#----RESTART APACHE
$ sudo apache2ctl restart

不幸的是，我在 Apache 中看到了完全相同的错误。这是apache2/error.log:

Current thread 0x00007fb350fee780 (most recent call first):
[Wed Aug 30 14:13:08.130076 2017] [core:notice] [pid 9754] AH00051: child pid 28636 exit signal Aborted (6), possible coredump in /etc/apache2
[Wed Aug 30 14:13:08.130179 2017] [core:error] [pid 9754] AH00546: no record of generation 0 of exiting child 28636
[Wed Aug 30 14:13:08.130833 2017] [wsgi:info] [pid 28639] mod_wsgi (pid=28639): Python home /home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews.
[Wed Aug 30 14:13:08.130907 2017] [wsgi:warn] [pid 28639] (2)No such file or directory: mod_wsgi (pid=28639): Unable to stat Python home /home/user/minico$
[Wed Aug 30 14:13:08.130992 2017] [wsgi:info] [pid 28639] mod_wsgi (pid=28639): Initializing Python.
[Wed Aug 30 14:13:08.131665 2017] [wsgi:info] [pid 28638] mod_wsgi (pid=28638): Python home /home/user/miniconda3/envs/protectyourreviews.
[Wed Aug 30 14:13:08.131716 2017] [wsgi:warn] [pid 28638] (2)No such file or directory: mod_wsgi (pid=28638): Unable to stat Python home /home/user/minico$
[Wed Aug 30 14:13:08.131782 2017] [wsgi:info] [pid 28638] mod_wsgi (pid=28638): Initializing Python.
Fatal Python error: Py_Initialize: Unable to get the locale encoding
ImportError: No module named 'encodings'

它仍在尝试打开已删除的 miniconda 文件夹...

Answer 1

问题是 Anaconda Python 附带了它自己的 SSL 库，并且在编译 Python ssl 模块时不使用系统 SSL 库。 Apache 中的 mod_ssl 模块正在使用系统库。

因此，如果您在 Apache 中启用 mod_ssl，它会引入系统 SSL 库。当您的应用程序导入 Python ssl 模块时，它会继承已加载的系统 SSL 库，这与 ssl 模块的编译目标和预期不同，因此失败。

所以这个问题是由 Anaconda Python 忽略系统 SSL 库并使用它自己的库引起的。

唯一的解决方案是使用系统 Python 版本而不是 Anaconda Python，或者在主要 Apache 安装后使用 mod_wsgi-express 运行 WSGI 应用程序，这将仅充当 SSL 的终止点，然后代理到 mod_wsgi-express 实例.

除非您有特定要求，否则最好使用系统 Python 版本而不是 Anaconda Python。