类中的 C++17 变体

Question

以下代码编译良好:

int main()
{
    variant<any> var;
    var = 5;
    cout << any_cast<int>(get<any>(var)) << endl;
    return 0;
}

但是当我试图把 variant<any>作为类(class)成员

struct MyClass{
    variant<any> var;
};

int main()
{
    MyClass s;
    return 0;
}

它无法编译。是我做错了什么还是一些错误？

我正在使用 gcc 7.1.0

In file included from /home/zak/Projects/Anytest/main.cpp:3:0:
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant: In instantiation of ‘struct std::__detail::__variant::__accepted_index<const std::variant<std::any>&, std::variant<std::any>, void>’:
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:911:26:   required from ‘constexpr const size_t std::variant<std::any>::__accepted_index<const std::variant<std::any>&>’
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:940:6:   required by substitution of ‘template<class _Tp, class> constexpr std::variant<std::any>::variant(_Tp&&) [with _Tp = const std::variant<std::any>&; <template-parameter-1-2> = <missing>]’
/home/zak/Projects/Anytest/main.cpp:14:13:   required from here
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:559:49: error: no matching function for call to ‘std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<std::any>::_S_fun(const std::variant<std::any>&)’
       decltype(__overload_set<_Types...>::_S_fun(std::declval<_Tp>()),
                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:541:58: note: candidate: static std::integral_constant<long unsigned int, sizeof... (_Rest)> std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<_First, _Rest ...>::_S_fun(_First) [with _First = std::any; _Rest = {}]
       static integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(_Rest)> _S_fun(_First);
                                                          ^~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:541:58: note:   no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘const std::variant<std::any>’ to ‘std::any’
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:535:19: note: candidate: static void std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<_Types>::_S_fun() [with _Types = {}]
     { static void _S_fun(); };
                   ^~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:535:19: note:   candidate expects 0 arguments, 1 provided
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:559:49: error: no matching function for call to ‘std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<std::any>::_S_fun(const std::variant<std::any>&)’
       decltype(__overload_set<_Types...>::_S_fun(std::declval<_Tp>()),
                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:541:58: note: candidate: static std::integral_constant<long unsigned int, sizeof... (_Rest)> std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<_First, _Rest ...>::_S_fun(_First) [with _First = std::any; _Rest = {}]
       static integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(_Rest)> _S_fun(_First);
                                                          ^~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:541:58: note:   no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘const std::variant<std::any>’ to ‘std::any’
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:535:19: note: candidate: static void std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<_Types>::_S_fun() [with _Types = {}]
     { static void _S_fun(); };
                   ^~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:535:19: note:   candidate expects 0 arguments, 1 provided
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:559:49: error: no matching function for call to ‘std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<std::any>::_S_fun(const std::variant<std::any>&)’
       decltype(__overload_set<_Types...>::_S_fun(std::declval<_Tp>()),
                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:541:58: note: candidate: static std::integral_constant<long unsigned int, sizeof... (_Rest)> std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<_First, _Rest ...>::_S_fun(_First) [with _First = std::any; _Rest = {}]
       static integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(_Rest)> _S_fun(_First);
                                                          ^~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:541:58: note:   no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘const std::variant<std::any>’ to ‘std::any’
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:535:19: note: candidate: static void std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<_Types>::_S_fun() [with _Types = {}]
     { static void _S_fun(); };
                   ^~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:535:19: note:   candidate expects 0 arguments, 1 provided
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant: In instantiation of ‘constexpr const size_t std::__detail::__variant::__accepted_index<const std::variant<std::any>&, std::variant<std::any>, void>::value’:
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:911:26:   required from ‘constexpr const size_t std::variant<std::any>::__accepted_index<const std::variant<std::any>&>’
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:940:6:   required by substitution of ‘template<class _Tp, class> constexpr std::variant<std::any>::variant(_Tp&&) [with _Tp = const std::variant<std::any>&; <template-parameter-1-2> = <missing>]’
/home/zak/Projects/Anytest/main.cpp:14:13:   required from here
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:564:12: error: no matching function for call to ‘std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<std::any>::_S_fun(const std::variant<std::any>&)’
  - decltype(__overload_set<_Types...>::
             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
      _S_fun(std::declval<_Tp>()))::value;
      ~~~~~~^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:541:58: note: candidate: static std::integral_constant<long unsigned int, sizeof... (_Rest)> std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<_First, _Rest ...>::_S_fun(_First) [with _First = std::any; _Rest = {}]
       static integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(_Rest)> _S_fun(_First);
                                                          ^~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:541:58: note:   no known conversion for argument 1 from ‘const std::variant<std::any>’ to ‘std::any’
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:535:19: note: candidate: static void std::__detail::__variant::__overload_set<_Types>::_S_fun() [with _Types = {}]
     { static void _S_fun(); };
                   ^~~~~~
/usr/local/gcc-7.1/include/c++/7.1.0/variant:535:19: note:   candidate expects 0 arguments, 1 provided

Answer 1

问题在于 MyClass的隐式定义的复制构造函数，当它尝试复制构造类型为 std::variant<std::any> 的成员时.

要执行重载解析，编译器首先需要尝试实例化所有 std::variant的构造函数模板，函数参数为 const std::variant<std::any>& ¹。我们感兴趣的构造函数是这个:

template <class T> constexpr variant(T&& t) noexcept(/*...*/);

仅当表达式 FUN(​std​::​forward<T>(t)) 时才参与重载决议。格式良好，其中 FUN是根据 [variant.ctor]/12 生成的一组重载函数.²

在这种情况下，只有一种替代类型( std::any )，所以只有一个虚函数 FUN ，其签名为 FUN(std::any) .现在，编译器需要决定是否 FUN可以通过 const std::variant<std::any>& 调用¹。在这个过程中，编译器需要知道std::any可以用 const std::variant<std::any>& 构建¹.

这将触发 std::any 的实例化的构造函数模板template<class T> any(T&& value); ，仅在 std::is_­copy_­constructible_­v<VT> 时才参与重载决议是 true ( VT 是 std::decay_t<T> ，T 是 const std::variant<std::any>& )。

现在来看看是否VT (即 std::variant<std::any> )是可复制构造的，编译器需要尝试实例化所有 std::variant的构造函数模板......这就是我们开始的地方，我们陷入了一个循环。

这可以解释为什么我们会看到 template<class _Tp, class> constexpr std::variant<std::any>::variant(_Tp&&)和 __overload_set<std::any>::_S_fun (对应于上面提到的函数FUN)，以及为什么我们看到多次出现相同的错误。

GCC 如何从上述循环中中断，以及为什么调整程序可以阻止 GCC 报告错误仍然是一个问题。也许这些是一些错误的迹象。

---

^{1.严格来说，它应该是“const std::variant<std::any> 类型的左值”而不是“const std::variant<std::any>&”。}

^{2。该标准还要求此构造函数仅在 is_­same_­v<decay_­t<T>, variant> 时才参与重载决议。是 false . GCC (libstdc++) 选择稍后检查。我不知道这是否符合规定。}