python - subprocess.call 使用字符串与使用列表

Question

我正在尝试将 rsync 与 subprocess.call 一起使用。奇怪的是，如果我传递 subprocess.call 一个字符串，它就可以工作，但它不适用于列表(ala，Python's doc)。

用字符串调用 sp.call:

In [23]: sp.call("rsync -av content/ writings_raw/", shell=True)
sending incremental file list

sent 6236 bytes  received 22 bytes  12516.00 bytes/sec
total size is 324710  speedup is 51.89
Out[23]: 0

用列表调用 sp.call:

In [24]: sp.call(["rsync", "-av", "content/", "writings_raw/"], shell=True)
rsync  version 3.0.9  protocol version 30
Copyright (C) 1996-2011 by Andrew Tridgell, Wayne Davison, and others.
Web site: http://rsync.samba.org/
Capabilities:
    64-bit files, 64-bit inums, 32-bit timestamps, 64-bit long ints,
    socketpairs, hardlinks, symlinks, IPv6, batchfiles, inplace,
    append, ACLs, xattrs, iconv, symtimes

rsync comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.  This is free software, and you
are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.  See the GNU
General Public Licence for details.

rsync is a file transfer program capable of efficient remote update
via a fast differencing algorithm.

Usage: rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... DEST
  or   rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST:DEST
  or   rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST::DEST
  or   rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST
  or   rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST:SRC [DEST]
  or   rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST::SRC [DEST]
  or   rsync [OPTION]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC [DEST]
The ':' usages connect via remote shell, while '::' & 'rsync://' usages connect
to an rsync daemon, and require SRC or DEST to start with a module name.

Options
 -v, --verbose               increase verbosity
 -q, --quiet                 suppress non-error messages
     --no-motd               suppress daemon-mode MOTD (see manpage caveat)
... snipped....
                             repeated: --filter='- .rsync-filter'
     --exclude=PATTERN       exclude files matching PATTERN
     --blocking-io           use blocking I/O for the remote shell
 -4, --ipv4                  prefer IPv4
 -6, --ipv6                  prefer IPv6
     --version               print version number
(-h) --help                  show this help (-h is --help only if used alone)
...snipped ...
rsync error: syntax or usage error (code 1) at main.c(1438) [client=3.0.9]
Out[24]: 1

我使用列表的方式有什么问题？你会如何解决它？我需要这个列表，因为我想使用变量。我当然可以使用:

  sp.call("rsync -av "+Orig+" "+Dest, shell=True)    

但我想了解 subprocess 如何理解列表与字符串。

设置 shell=False 和一个列表:

In [36]: sp.call(['rsync', '-av', ORIG, DEST], shell=False)
sending incremental file list

sent 6253 bytes  received 23 bytes  12552.00 bytes/sec
total size is 324710  speedup is 51.74
Out[36]: 0

设置 shell=False 和一个字符串

In [38]: sp.call("rsync -av"+" "+ORIG+" "+DEST, shell=False)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OSError                                   Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-38-0d366d3ef8ce> in <module>()
----> 1 sp.call("rsync -av"+" "+ORIG+" "+DEST, shell=False)

/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.pyc in call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
    491     retcode = call(["ls", "-l"])
    492     """
--> 493     return Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait()
    494 
    495 

/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.pyc in __init__(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags)
    677                             p2cread, p2cwrite,
    678                             c2pread, c2pwrite,
--> 679                             errread, errwrite)
    680 
    681         if mswindows:

/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.pyc in _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite)
   1257                     if fd is not None:
   1258                         os.close(fd)
-> 1259                 raise child_exception
   1260 
   1261 

OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory

Answer 1

subprocess处理命令参数的规则其实有点复杂。

一般来说，要运行外部命令，您应该使用 shell=False 并将参数作为序列传递。仅在需要使用 shell 内置命令或特定 shell 语法时才使用 shell=True；正确使用 shell=True 是特定于平台的，如下所述。

来自 the docs :

args should be a sequence of program arguments or else a single string. By default, the program to execute is the first item in args if args is a sequence. If args is a string, the interpretation is platform-dependent and described below. See the shell and executable arguments for additional differences from the default behavior. Unless otherwise stated, it is recommended to pass args as a sequence.... If shell is True, it is recommended to pass args as a string rather than as a sequence.

使用 shell=False:

On Unix, if args is a string, the string is interpreted as the name or path of the program to execute. However, this can only be done if not passing arguments to the program.

On Windows, if args is a sequence, it will be converted to a string in a manner described in Converting an argument sequence to a string on Windows. This is because the underlying CreateProcess() operates on strings.

使用 shell=True:

On Unix with shell=True, the shell defaults to /bin/sh. If args is a string, the string specifies the command to execute through the shell. This means that the string must be formatted exactly as it would be when typed at the shell prompt. This includes, for example, quoting or backslash escaping filenames with spaces in them. If args is a sequence, the first item specifies the command string, and any additional items will be treated as additional arguments to the shell itself.

On Windows with shell=True, the COMSPEC environment variable specifies the default shell. The only time you need to specify shell=True on Windows is when the command you wish to execute is built into the shell (e.g. dir or copy). You do not need shell=True to run a batch file or console-based executable.

(所有重点都是我的)