python - 如何在新样式类中拦截对 python "magic"方法的调用？

Question

我正在尝试在新样式类中拦截对 python 双下划线魔术方法的调用。这是一个简单的例子，但它表明了意图:

class ShowMeList(object):
    def __init__(self, it):
        self._data = list(it)

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        attr = object.__getattribute__(self._data, name)
        if callable(attr):
            def wrapper(*a, **kw):
                print "before the call"
                result = attr(*a, **kw)
                print "after the call"
                return result
            return wrapper
        return attr

如果我在列表周围使用该代理对象，我会得到非魔法方法的预期行为，但我的包装函数永远不会为魔法方法调用。

>>> l = ShowMeList(range(8))

>>> l #call to __repr__
<__main__.ShowMeList object at 0x9640eac>

>>> l.append(9)
before the call
after the call

>> len(l._data)
9

如果我不从对象继承(第一行 class ShowMeList:)一切都按预期工作:

>>> l = ShowMeList(range(8))

>>> l #call to __repr__
before the call
after the call
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

>>> l.append(9)
before the call
after the call

>> len(l._data)
9

如何使用新的样式类完成这种拦截？

Answer 1

出于性能原因，Python 总是在类(和父类的)__dict__ 中查找魔术方法，并且不使用正常的属性查找机制。一种解决方法是在创建类时使用元类自动为魔术方法添加代理；例如，我使用这种技术来避免为包装类编写样板调用方法。

class Wrapper(object):
    """Wrapper class that provides proxy access to an instance of some
       internal instance."""

    __wraps__  = None
    __ignore__ = "class mro new init setattr getattr getattribute"

    def __init__(self, obj):
        if self.__wraps__ is None:
            raise TypeError("base class Wrapper may not be instantiated")
        elif isinstance(obj, self.__wraps__):
            self._obj = obj
        else:
            raise ValueError("wrapped object must be of %s" % self.__wraps__)

    # provide proxy access to regular attributes of wrapped object
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        return getattr(self._obj, name)

    # create proxies for wrapped object's double-underscore attributes
    class __metaclass__(type):
        def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):

            def make_proxy(name):
                def proxy(self, *args):
                    return getattr(self._obj, name)
                return proxy

            type.__init__(cls, name, bases, dct)
            if cls.__wraps__:
                ignore = set("__%s__" % n for n in cls.__ignore__.split())
                for name in dir(cls.__wraps__):
                    if name.startswith("__"):
                        if name not in ignore and name not in dct:
                            setattr(cls, name, property(make_proxy(name)))

用法:

class DictWrapper(Wrapper):
    __wraps__ = dict

wrapped_dict = DictWrapper(dict(a=1, b=2, c=3))

# make sure it worked....
assert "b" in wrapped_dict                        # __contains__
assert wrapped_dict == dict(a=1, b=2, c=3)        # __eq__
assert "'a': 1" in str(wrapped_dict)              # __str__
assert wrapped_dict.__doc__.startswith("dict()")  # __doc__