c++ - 2016 年之前的 Valgrind : Memory still reachable with trivial program using

Question

编辑:我已经投票决定关闭这是不是现在不正确。

2016 年 3 月，Valgrind 获得了一个选项“--run-cxx-freeres= ”(默认为 yes)。这将调用 libstdc++ 函数来释放用于 iostream 之类的一次性分配。如果您使用的是 2016 年后的 Valgrind 和 libstdc++，您将获得

==9356== HEAP SUMMARY:
==9356==     in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==9356==   total heap usage: 1 allocs, 1 frees, 72,704 bytes allocated
==9356==
==9356== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible

原帖:

采取以下琐碎的程序:

#include <iostream>
int main() {
  return 0;
}

如果我使用 valgrind 运行它，我会被告知有 72,704 bytes in 1 blocks是still reachable .关于是否要担心仍然可以到达的警告已经就 SO 进行了广泛的讨论——我对此并不担心。我只是想了解包含标准库头文件如何导致仍然可访问的警告，当程序本身中没有分配该库中的任何对象时。

这里是完整的valgrind输出:

$ valgrind --leak-check=full --track-origins=yes --show-reachable=yes ./ValgrindTest
==27671== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==27671== Copyright (C) 2002-2013, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==27671== Using Valgrind-3.10.1 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==27671== Command: ./ValgrindTest
==27671== 
==27671== 
==27671== HEAP SUMMARY:
==27671==     in use at exit: 72,704 bytes in 1 blocks
==27671==   total heap usage: 1 allocs, 0 frees, 72,704 bytes allocated
==27671== 
==27671== 72,704 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 1 of 1
==27671==    at 0x4C2AB9D: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:296)
==27671==    by 0x4EC060F: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.21)
==27671==    by 0x400F305: call_init.part.0 (dl-init.c:85)
==27671==    by 0x400F3DE: call_init (dl-init.c:52)
==27671==    by 0x400F3DE: _dl_init (dl-init.c:134)
==27671==    by 0x40016E9: ??? (in /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.15.so)
==27671== 
==27671== LEAK SUMMARY:
==27671==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==27671==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==27671==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==27671==    still reachable: 72,704 bytes in 1 blocks
==27671==         suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==27671== 
==27671== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==27671== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

还有一个对象转储:

$ objdump -d ValgrindTest 

ValgrindTest:     file format elf64-x86-64


Disassembly of section .init:

0000000000400718 <_init>:
  400718:   48 83 ec 08             sub    $0x8,%rsp
  40071c:   e8 8b 00 00 00          callq  4007ac <call_gmon_start>
  400721:   48 83 c4 08             add    $0x8,%rsp
  400725:   c3                      retq   

Disassembly of section .plt:

0000000000400730 <_ZNSt8ios_base4InitC1Ev@plt-0x10>:
  400730:   ff 35 ba 08 20 00       pushq  0x2008ba(%rip)        # 600ff0 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x8>
  400736:   ff 25 bc 08 20 00       jmpq   *0x2008bc(%rip)        # 600ff8 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x10>
  40073c:   0f 1f 40 00             nopl   0x0(%rax)

0000000000400740 <_ZNSt8ios_base4InitC1Ev@plt>:
  400740:   ff 25 ba 08 20 00       jmpq   *0x2008ba(%rip)        # 601000 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x18>
  400746:   68 00 00 00 00          pushq  $0x0
  40074b:   e9 e0 ff ff ff          jmpq   400730 <_init+0x18>

0000000000400750 <__libc_start_main@plt>:
  400750:   ff 25 b2 08 20 00       jmpq   *0x2008b2(%rip)        # 601008 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x20>
  400756:   68 01 00 00 00          pushq  $0x1
  40075b:   e9 d0 ff ff ff          jmpq   400730 <_init+0x18>

0000000000400760 <__cxa_atexit@plt>:
  400760:   ff 25 aa 08 20 00       jmpq   *0x2008aa(%rip)        # 601010 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x28>
  400766:   68 02 00 00 00          pushq  $0x2
  40076b:   e9 c0 ff ff ff          jmpq   400730 <_init+0x18>

0000000000400770 <_ZNSt8ios_base4InitD1Ev@plt>:
  400770:   ff 25 a2 08 20 00       jmpq   *0x2008a2(%rip)        # 601018 <_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_+0x30>
  400776:   68 03 00 00 00          pushq  $0x3
  40077b:   e9 b0 ff ff ff          jmpq   400730 <_init+0x18>

Disassembly of section .text:

0000000000400780 <_start>:
  400780:   31 ed                   xor    %ebp,%ebp
  400782:   49 89 d1                mov    %rdx,%r9
  400785:   5e                      pop    %rsi
  400786:   48 89 e2                mov    %rsp,%rdx
  400789:   48 83 e4 f0             and    $0xfffffffffffffff0,%rsp
  40078d:   50                      push   %rax
  40078e:   54                      push   %rsp
  40078f:   49 c7 c0 80 09 40 00    mov    $0x400980,%r8
  400796:   48 c7 c1 f0 08 40 00    mov    $0x4008f0,%rcx
  40079d:   48 c7 c7 90 08 40 00    mov    $0x400890,%rdi
  4007a4:   e8 a7 ff ff ff          callq  400750 <__libc_start_main@plt>
  4007a9:   f4                      hlt    
  4007aa:   90                      nop
  4007ab:   90                      nop

00000000004007ac <call_gmon_start>:
  4007ac:   48 83 ec 08             sub    $0x8,%rsp
  4007b0:   48 8b 05 29 08 20 00    mov    0x200829(%rip),%rax        # 600fe0 <_DYNAMIC+0x1f0>
  4007b7:   48 85 c0                test   %rax,%rax
  4007ba:   74 02                   je     4007be <call_gmon_start+0x12>
  4007bc:   ff d0                   callq  *%rax
  4007be:   48 83 c4 08             add    $0x8,%rsp
  4007c2:   c3                      retq   
  4007c3:   90                      nop
  4007c4:   90                      nop
  4007c5:   90                      nop
  4007c6:   90                      nop
  4007c7:   90                      nop
  4007c8:   90                      nop
  4007c9:   90                      nop
  4007ca:   90                      nop
  4007cb:   90                      nop
  4007cc:   90                      nop
  4007cd:   90                      nop
  4007ce:   90                      nop
  4007cf:   90                      nop

00000000004007d0 <deregister_tm_clones>:
  4007d0:   b8 37 10 60 00          mov    $0x601037,%eax
  4007d5:   55                      push   %rbp
  4007d6:   48 2d 30 10 60 00       sub    $0x601030,%rax
  4007dc:   48 83 f8 0e             cmp    $0xe,%rax
  4007e0:   48 89 e5                mov    %rsp,%rbp
  4007e3:   77 02                   ja     4007e7 <deregister_tm_clones+0x17>
  4007e5:   5d                      pop    %rbp
  4007e6:   c3                      retq   
  4007e7:   b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
  4007ec:   48 85 c0                test   %rax,%rax
  4007ef:   74 f4                   je     4007e5 <deregister_tm_clones+0x15>
  4007f1:   5d                      pop    %rbp
  4007f2:   bf 30 10 60 00          mov    $0x601030,%edi
  4007f7:   ff e0                   jmpq   *%rax
  4007f9:   0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00    nopl   0x0(%rax)

0000000000400800 <register_tm_clones>:
  400800:   b8 30 10 60 00          mov    $0x601030,%eax
  400805:   55                      push   %rbp
  400806:   48 2d 30 10 60 00       sub    $0x601030,%rax
  40080c:   48 c1 f8 03             sar    $0x3,%rax
  400810:   48 89 e5                mov    %rsp,%rbp
  400813:   48 89 c2                mov    %rax,%rdx
  400816:   48 c1 ea 3f             shr    $0x3f,%rdx
  40081a:   48 01 d0                add    %rdx,%rax
  40081d:   48 d1 f8                sar    %rax
  400820:   75 02                   jne    400824 <register_tm_clones+0x24>
  400822:   5d                      pop    %rbp
  400823:   c3                      retq   
  400824:   ba 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%edx
  400829:   48 85 d2                test   %rdx,%rdx
  40082c:   74 f4                   je     400822 <register_tm_clones+0x22>
  40082e:   5d                      pop    %rbp
  40082f:   48 89 c6                mov    %rax,%rsi
  400832:   bf 30 10 60 00          mov    $0x601030,%edi
  400837:   ff e2                   jmpq   *%rdx
  400839:   0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00    nopl   0x0(%rax)

0000000000400840 <__do_global_dtors_aux>:
  400840:   80 3d e9 07 20 00 00    cmpb   $0x0,0x2007e9(%rip)        # 601030 <__bss_start>
  400847:   75 11                   jne    40085a <__do_global_dtors_aux+0x1a>
  400849:   55                      push   %rbp
  40084a:   48 89 e5                mov    %rsp,%rbp
  40084d:   e8 7e ff ff ff          callq  4007d0 <deregister_tm_clones>
  400852:   5d                      pop    %rbp
  400853:   c6 05 d6 07 20 00 01    movb   $0x1,0x2007d6(%rip)        # 601030 <__bss_start>
  40085a:   f3 c3                   repz retq 
  40085c:   0f 1f 40 00             nopl   0x0(%rax)

0000000000400860 <frame_dummy>:
  400860:   48 83 3d 80 05 20 00    cmpq   $0x0,0x200580(%rip)        # 600de8 <__JCR_END__>
  400867:   00 
  400868:   74 1e                   je     400888 <frame_dummy+0x28>
  40086a:   b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
  40086f:   48 85 c0                test   %rax,%rax
  400872:   74 14                   je     400888 <frame_dummy+0x28>
  400874:   55                      push   %rbp
  400875:   bf e8 0d 60 00          mov    $0x600de8,%edi
  40087a:   48 89 e5                mov    %rsp,%rbp
  40087d:   ff d0                   callq  *%rax
  40087f:   5d                      pop    %rbp
  400880:   e9 7b ff ff ff          jmpq   400800 <register_tm_clones>
  400885:   0f 1f 00                nopl   (%rax)
  400888:   e9 73 ff ff ff          jmpq   400800 <register_tm_clones>
  40088d:   90                      nop
  40088e:   90                      nop
  40088f:   90                      nop

0000000000400890 <main>:
  400890:   55                      push   %rbp
  400891:   48 89 e5                mov    %rsp,%rbp
  400894:   b8 00 00 00 00          mov    $0x0,%eax
  400899:   5d                      pop    %rbp
  40089a:   c3                      retq   

000000000040089b <_Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii>:
  40089b:   55                      push   %rbp
  40089c:   48 89 e5                mov    %rsp,%rbp
  40089f:   48 83 ec 10             sub    $0x10,%rsp
  4008a3:   89 7d fc                mov    %edi,-0x4(%rbp)
  4008a6:   89 75 f8                mov    %esi,-0x8(%rbp)
  4008a9:   83 7d fc 01             cmpl   $0x1,-0x4(%rbp)
  4008ad:   75 27                   jne    4008d6 <_Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii+0x3b>
  4008af:   81 7d f8 ff ff 00 00    cmpl   $0xffff,-0x8(%rbp)
  4008b6:   75 1e                   jne    4008d6 <_Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii+0x3b>
  4008b8:   bf 34 10 60 00          mov    $0x601034,%edi
  4008bd:   e8 7e fe ff ff          callq  400740 <_ZNSt8ios_base4InitC1Ev@plt>
  4008c2:   ba 28 10 60 00          mov    $0x601028,%edx
  4008c7:   be 34 10 60 00          mov    $0x601034,%esi
  4008cc:   bf 70 07 40 00          mov    $0x400770,%edi
  4008d1:   e8 8a fe ff ff          callq  400760 <__cxa_atexit@plt>
  4008d6:   c9                      leaveq 
  4008d7:   c3                      retq   

00000000004008d8 <_GLOBAL__sub_I_main>:
  4008d8:   55                      push   %rbp
  4008d9:   48 89 e5                mov    %rsp,%rbp
  4008dc:   be ff ff 00 00          mov    $0xffff,%esi
  4008e1:   bf 01 00 00 00          mov    $0x1,%edi
  4008e6:   e8 b0 ff ff ff          callq  40089b <_Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii>
  4008eb:   5d                      pop    %rbp
  4008ec:   c3                      retq   
  4008ed:   90                      nop
  4008ee:   90                      nop
  4008ef:   90                      nop

00000000004008f0 <__libc_csu_init>:
  4008f0:   48 89 6c 24 d8          mov    %rbp,-0x28(%rsp)
  4008f5:   4c 89 64 24 e0          mov    %r12,-0x20(%rsp)
  4008fa:   48 8d 2d df 04 20 00    lea    0x2004df(%rip),%rbp        # 600de0 <__init_array_end>
  400901:   4c 8d 25 c8 04 20 00    lea    0x2004c8(%rip),%r12        # 600dd0 <__frame_dummy_init_array_entry>
  400908:   4c 89 6c 24 e8          mov    %r13,-0x18(%rsp)
  40090d:   4c 89 74 24 f0          mov    %r14,-0x10(%rsp)
  400912:   4c 89 7c 24 f8          mov    %r15,-0x8(%rsp)
  400917:   48 89 5c 24 d0          mov    %rbx,-0x30(%rsp)
  40091c:   48 83 ec 38             sub    $0x38,%rsp
  400920:   4c 29 e5                sub    %r12,%rbp
  400923:   41 89 fd                mov    %edi,%r13d
  400926:   49 89 f6                mov    %rsi,%r14
  400929:   48 c1 fd 03             sar    $0x3,%rbp
  40092d:   49 89 d7                mov    %rdx,%r15
  400930:   e8 e3 fd ff ff          callq  400718 <_init>
  400935:   48 85 ed                test   %rbp,%rbp
  400938:   74 1c                   je     400956 <__libc_csu_init+0x66>
  40093a:   31 db                   xor    %ebx,%ebx
  40093c:   0f 1f 40 00             nopl   0x0(%rax)
  400940:   4c 89 fa                mov    %r15,%rdx
  400943:   4c 89 f6                mov    %r14,%rsi
  400946:   44 89 ef                mov    %r13d,%edi
  400949:   41 ff 14 dc             callq  *(%r12,%rbx,8)
  40094d:   48 83 c3 01             add    $0x1,%rbx
  400951:   48 39 eb                cmp    %rbp,%rbx
  400954:   75 ea                   jne    400940 <__libc_csu_init+0x50>
  400956:   48 8b 5c 24 08          mov    0x8(%rsp),%rbx
  40095b:   48 8b 6c 24 10          mov    0x10(%rsp),%rbp
  400960:   4c 8b 64 24 18          mov    0x18(%rsp),%r12
  400965:   4c 8b 6c 24 20          mov    0x20(%rsp),%r13
  40096a:   4c 8b 74 24 28          mov    0x28(%rsp),%r14
  40096f:   4c 8b 7c 24 30          mov    0x30(%rsp),%r15
  400974:   48 83 c4 38             add    $0x38,%rsp
  400978:   c3                      retq   
  400979:   0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00    nopl   0x0(%rax)

0000000000400980 <__libc_csu_fini>:
  400980:   f3 c3                   repz retq 
  400982:   90                      nop
  400983:   90                      nop

Disassembly of section .fini:

0000000000400984 <_fini>:
  400984:   48 83 ec 08             sub    $0x8,%rsp
  400988:   48 83 c4 08             add    $0x8,%rsp
  40098c:   c3                      retq   

为了完整起见，我使用的是:
Ubuntu:12.04
Valgrind:3.10.1 3.7.0
g++:4.8.1

注意:附带说明，当我包含其他标题时，这不会发生，例如 <fstream>或 <cmath> .

Answer 1

这是 Valgrind 的错。首先， -fsanitize=leak 不显示任何内容。二、Valgrind 本身 states那:

First of all: relax, it's probably not a bug, but a feature. Many implementations of the C++ standard libraries use their own memory pool allocators. Memory for quite a number of destructed objects is not immediately freed and given back to the OS, but kept in the pool(s) for later re-use. The fact that the pools are not freed at the exit of the program cause Valgrind to report this memory as still reachable. The behaviour not to free pools at the exit could be called a bug of the library though.

Using GCC, you can force the STL to use malloc and to free memory as soon as possible by globally disabling memory caching. Beware! Doing so will probably slow down your program, sometimes drastically.

With GCC 2.91, 2.95, 3.0 and 3.1, compile all source using the STL with -D__USE_MALLOC. Beware! This was removed from GCC starting with version 3.3.

With GCC 3.2.2 and later, you should export the environment variable GLIBCPP_FORCE_NEW before running your program.

With GCC 3.4 and later, that variable has changed name to GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW.

[...]

我猜那些所谓的内存池在程序终止后被释放，在调用 main 的所谓启动代码中，以及其他设置。在用户代码之外定义的内部函数应该被视为不存在，这就是为什么 Valgrind 不能(也不应该)看到更多的释放。