\[\begin{aligned} \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \sum_{i = 1}^n \sum_{j = 1}^i i\\ \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \sum_{1 \le j \le i \le n}^n i\\ \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \sum_{j = 1}^n \sum_{i = j}^n i\\ \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \sum_{j = 1}^n \frac{(n + j)(n - j + 1)}{2}\\ \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \sum_{j = 1}^n (n^2 - j^2 + n + j)\\ \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \sum_{j = 1}^n (n(n + 1) - j^2 + j))\\ 2 \cdot \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \sum_{j = 1}^n (n(n + 1)) - \sum_{j = 1}^n j^2 + \sum_{j = 1}^n j\\ 3 \cdot \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \sum_{j = 1}^n (n(n + 1)) + \sum_{j = 1}^n j\\ 3 \cdot \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= n^2(n + 1) + \frac{n(n + 1)}{2}\\ 3 \cdot \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \frac{2n \cdot n(n + 1) + n(n + 1)}{2}\\ 3 \cdot \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \frac{n(n + 1)(2n + 1)}{2}\\ \sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 &= \frac{n(n + 1)(2n + 1)}{6}\\ \end{aligned}\]

\[\begin{aligned} \sum_{1 \le i < j \le n} (i + j) &= \sum_{i = 1}^n \sum_{j = 1}^{i - 1} (i + j)\\ &= \sum_{i = 1}^n (i(i - 1) + \frac{i(i - 1)}{2})\\ &= \frac{3}{2} \cdot \sum_{i = 1}^n i(i - 1)\\ &= \frac{3}{2} \cdot (\sum_{i = 1}^n i^2 - \sum_{i = 1}^n i)\\ &= \frac{3}{2} \cdot (\frac{n(n + 1)(2n + 1)}{6} - \frac{n(n + 1)}{2})\\ &= \frac{3}{2} \cdot \frac{n(n + 1)(2n - 2)}{6}\\ &= \frac{n(n - 1)(n + 1)}{2}\\ \end{aligned}\]

\[\begin{aligned} S_n &= a_1 + a_2 + \dots + a_{n - 1} + a_n \\ q \cdot S_n &= q \cdot a_1 + q \cdot a_2 + \dots + q \cdot a_{n - 1} + q \cdot a_n = S_{n + 1} \\ S_n - q \cdot S_n &= (1 - q) \cdot S_n = S_n - S_{n + 1} = a_1 - a_{n + 1} \\ a_{n + 1} &= a_1 \cdot q^n \\ S_n &= a_1 \cdot \frac{1 - q^n}{1 - q} \end{aligned}\]